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A Proposed Framework for Identifying Nutrients and Food Components of Public Health Relevance in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

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Abstract

Background

Identification of nutrients of public health concern has been a hallmark of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA); however, a formal systematic process for identifying them has not been published.

Objectives

We aimed to propose a framework for identifying “nutrients or food components” (NFCs) of public health relevance to inform the DGA.

Methods

The proposed framework consists of 1) defining terminology; 2) establishing quantitative thresholds to identify NFCs; and 3) examining national data. The proposed framework utilizes available data from 3 key data sources or “prongs”: 1) dietary intakes; 2) biological endpoints; and 3) clinical health consequences such as prevalence of health conditions, directly or indirectly through validated surrogate markers.

Results

In identifying potential NFCs of public health concern, the 2020 DGA Committee developed a decision-tree framework with suggestions for combining the 3 prongs. The identified NFCs of public health concern for Americans ≥1 y old included fiber, calcium (≥2 y old), vitamin D, and potassium for low intakes and sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats (≥2 y old) for high intakes that were associated with adverse health consequences. Iron was identified among infants ages 6–12 mo fed human milk. For reproductive-aged and pregnant females, iron (all trimesters) and folate (first trimester) were identified for low intake, based on dietary and biomarker data (iron) or the severity of the consequence (folic acid and neural tube defects). Among pregnant women, low iodine was of potential public health concern based on biomarker data. Other NFCs that were underconsumed, overconsumed, and pose special challenges were identified across the life course.

Conclusions

The proposed decision-tree framework was intended to streamline and add transparency to the work of this and future Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committees to identify NFCs that need to be encouraged or discouraged in order to help reduce risk of chronic disease and promote health and energy balance in the population.

Key words

dietary guidelines
nutrient
public health
nutrition policy
nutrition risk

Abbreviations

AI
Adequate Intake
B-24
birth to <
24
mo of age
CDRR
Chronic Disease Risk Reduction
DGA
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
DGAC
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
EAR
Estimated Average Requirement
NASEM
National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine
NFC
nutrient or food component
UIC
urinary iodine concentration
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
WIC
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
24HR
24-h recall.

Cited by (0)

The authors reported no funding received for this study.

Author disclosures: the authors report no conflicts of interest. RLB, TAD, and JSS are current members of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Nutrition.

The findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not represent the views of their respective universities or any entity of the US Government. This work was completed as part of the Federal Advisory Committee Act.

Supplemental Tables 1–3 are available from the “Supplementary data” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academic.oup.com/jn/.

Abbreviations used: AI, Adequate Intake; B-24, birth to <24 mo of age; CDRR, Chronic Disease Risk Reduction; DGA, Dietary Guidelines for Americans; DGAC, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee; EAR, Estimated Average Requirement; NASEM, National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine; NFC, nutrient or food component; UIC, urinary iodine concentration; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; 24HR, 24-h recall.