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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


In the News

Featured in Scientific American
"Stomach Bug May Ward Off Asthma" July 16, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

Featured in Reuters
"Zinc reduces common cold symptoms" April 17, 2008
Duration and Severity of Symptoms and Levels of Plasma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, and Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
Ananda S. Prasad, Frances W. J. Beck, Bin Bao, Diane Snell, and James T. Fitzgerald
Zinc acetate lozenges taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, according to a report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in National Public Radio
"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

1 January 2008

Volume 197, Number 1
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;197:10–17
0022-1899/2008/19701-0004$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/523814
PERSPECTIVE

Epidemiology and Clinical Significance of Pneumocystis Colonization

Alison Morris,1

Kenneth Wei,2

Kamyar Afshar,2 and

Laurence Huang3

1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and 3Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco

Pneumocystis pneumonia has long been recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised populations, particularly those with HIV infection. Pneumocystis colonization—that is, detection of the organism or its DNA, without signs or symptoms of pneumonia—has recently been described, and accumulating evidence suggests that it may be an important clinical phenomenon. Sensitive molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction are frequently used to identify Pneumocystis colonization. Low levels of Pneumocystis in the lungs may stimulate pulmonary inflammation and may play a role in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this review, we discuss evidence for the occurrence of Pneumocystis colonization in animals as well as the epidemiology and risk factors for Pneumocystis colonization in various human populations. We also evaluate the clinical significance of Pneumocystis colonization and its relationship to lung disease.

Received 8 May 2007; accepted 5 July 2007; electronically published 14 December 2007.

Reprints or correspondence: Alison Morris, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 628 NW MUH, 3459 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ().

Cited by

LaShonda Spencer, Michelle Ukwu, Travis Alexander, Karri Valadez, Lora Liu, Toni Frederick, Andrea Kovacs, and Alison Morris. (2008) Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Colonization in Families. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46:8, 1237-1240
Online publication date: 15-Apr-2008.
Gustavo Wissmann, José M. Varela, Enrique J. Calderón. (2008) Prevention ofPneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease based on the detection ofPneumocystis colonization. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
CrossRef
  • Potential conflicts of interest: none reported.

    Financial support: National Institutes of Health (grants HL072837 and HL083461 to A.M. and grant HL072117 to L.H.); University-wide AIDS Research Program (grants ID03-SF-027 and ID04-SF-026 to L.H.).

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