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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


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"Common Cold Virus Alters Body's Genes" October 24, 2008
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A second study, this one published in the Nov. 15 issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, found that respiratory syncytial virus, the main cause of lung infections and hospitalizations in children, may actually linger in the body even after symptoms subside.

Featured in Reuters-USE_THIS
"HPV infection rates similar in men and women" October 10, 2008
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Although men are at high risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, most last no more than a year, about the same time this sexually transmitted disease persists in women, researchers report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

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Honey has been used for thousands of years to help heal wounds. A recent article demonstrated that medical-grade honey kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Clinical Infectious Diseases, June 1, 2008). When applied to the forearm, this special Dutch honey (Revamil) kept germs from growing on the skin. The manufacturer also has developed a veterinary formulation called Vetramil, which is supposed to discourage licking.

Featured in Scientific American
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"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

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Duration and Severity of Symptoms and Levels of Plasma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, and Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
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Zinc acetate lozenges taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, according to a report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in National Public Radio
"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

15 January 2008

Volume 197, Number 2
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008;197:195–204
0022-1899/2008/19702-0005$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/523763
MAJOR ARTICLE

Coexistence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin–Positive and –Negative Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA400 Sibling Strains in a Large Canadian Health-Care Region

Kunyan Zhang,1,2,3,4,5,6

Jo-Ann McClure,1

Sameer Elsayed,3,5

Jonathan Tan,1 and

John M. Conly1,2,3,4,5,6

1Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Calgary Health Region/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Departments of 2Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and 4Medicine, and 5Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, and 6Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains often carry the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes. However, the specific role that PVL plays in the epidemiological features and pathogenesis of CA-MRSA infections has remained undefined and controversial. Conducting a retrospective study on a natural population of MRSA clinical isolates recovered from community and hospital patients in a large Canadian health-care region during a 6-year period, we identified the coexistence of 2 USA400 (a major clonal group of CA-MRSA) sibling strains with and without PVL genes. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis indicated that the PVL-carrying prophage Sa2mw was present in PVL+ but absent in PVL USA400 isolates. These strains shared identical genotypic and phenotypic properties and similar clinical characteristics. This study provides direct evidence that PVL genes are not necessarily the key determinants associated with the increasing dissemination of CA-MRSA strains, suggesting that the genomic milieu may play a greater role in this regard.

Received 3 April 2007; accepted 15 May 2007; electronically published 9 January 2008.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Kunyan Zhang, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1 ().
  • Potential conflicts of interest: none reported.

    Presented in part: 106th general meeting of American Society for Microbiology, Orlando, Florida, 21–25 May 2006 (abstract C-224).

    Financial support: The Banting Research Foundation (grant 2005/6 to K.Z.); CHR/CLS Research (grant 17975 to K.Z.); Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Calgary Health Region (operating funds to K.Z.). J.T. was a 2005 Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research Summer Student.

  • (See the editorial commentary by Gorwitz, on pages 179–82.)

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