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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


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Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

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"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

1 October 2007

Volume 196, Number 7
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007;196:1076–1079
0022-1899/2007/19607-0020$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/521030
BRIEF REPORT

Multinucleate Giant Cells Release Functionally Unopposed Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 In Vitro and In Vivo

Xing Wu Zhu,1

Nicholas M. Price,1

Robert H. Gilman,2,4

Sixto Recarvarren,3 and

Jon S. Friedland1

1Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom; Departments of 2Microbiology and 3Pathology, Universidad Cayetano Heredia Peruana, and 4AB Prisma, Lima, Peru

Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are characteristic of granulomatous inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–9, the major monocyte-derived matrix metalloproteinase, is key in inflammatory tissue damage. At 72 h, MGCs secrete 153 ± 2.5 ng/mL MMP-9, compared with 115 ± 3.8 ng/mL during macrophage differentiation ( ). In contrast, the level of MGC secretion-specific tissue inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)–1, is lower ( ). Mature MGCs secrete constitutively greater concentrations of MMP-9 than do monocytes or macrophages ( ). MGCs in tuberculous lymph-node biopsy samples express high MMP-9 levels adjacent to areas of necrosis, whereas TIMP-1 is not detected. Thus, MGCs are potentially important sources of MMP-9 secretion and may contribute to inflammatory tissue damage in human tuberculosis.

Received 22 January 2007; accepted 16 April 2007; electronically published 20 August 2007.

  • Potential conflicts of interest: none reported.

    Financial support: Dunhill Medical Trust (grant to J.S.F.).

Reprints or correspondence: Prof. Jon S. Friedland, Dept. of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd., London, W12 0NN, England ().
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