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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


In the News

Featured in Scientific American
"Stomach Bug May Ward Off Asthma" July 16, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

Featured in Reuters
"Zinc reduces common cold symptoms" April 17, 2008
Duration and Severity of Symptoms and Levels of Plasma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, and Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
Ananda S. Prasad, Frances W. J. Beck, Bin Bao, Diane Snell, and James T. Fitzgerald
Zinc acetate lozenges taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, according to a report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in National Public Radio
"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

1 July 2007 Supplement

Volume 196, Number S1
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007;196:S86–S107
0022-1899/2007/19604S1-0011$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/518665
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE

HIV Infection and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis—The Perfect Storm

Charles D. Wells,1

J. Peter Cegielski,1

Lisa J. Nelson,2

Kayla F. Laserson,3

Timothy H. Holtz,1

Alyssa Finlay,1

Kenneth G. Castro,1 and

Karin Weyer4

1Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia; 2Global AIDS Program–Mozambique, CDC, Maputo, Mozambique; 3Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research Center, Kisumu, Kenya; 4Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Background.  Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has emerged as a global epidemic, with 425,000 new cases estimated to occur annually. The global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic has caused explosive increases in TB incidence and may be contributing to increases in MDR-TB prevalence.

Methods.  We reviewed published studies and available surveillance data evaluating links between HIV infection and MDR-TB to quantify convergence of these 2 epidemics, evaluate the consequences, and determine essential steps to address these epidemics.

Results.  Institutional outbreaks of MDR-TB have primarily affected HIV-infected persons. Delayed diagnosis, inadequate initial treatment, and prolonged infectiousness led to extraordinary attack rates and case-fatality rates among HIV-infected persons. Whether this sequence occurs in communities is less clear. MDR-TB appears not to cause infection or disease more readily than drug-susceptible TB in HIV-infected persons. HIV infection may lead to malabsorption of anti-TB drugs and acquired rifamycin resistance. HIV-infected patients with MDR-TB have unacceptably high mortality; both antiretroviral and antimycobacterial treatment are necessary. Simultaneous treatment requires 6–10 different drugs. In HIV-prevalent countries, TB programs struggle with increased caseloads, which increase the risk of acquired MDR-TB. Surveillance data suggest that HIV infection and MDR-TB may converge in several countries.

Conclusions.  Institutional outbreaks, overwhelmed public health programs, and complex clinical management issues may contribute to the convergence of the MDR-TB and HIV infection epidemics. To forestall disastrous consequences, infection control, rapid case detection, effective treatment, and expanded program capacity are needed urgently.

  • Potential conflicts of interest: none reported.

    Financial support: US government; resources were provided solely in the form of staff time dedicated to conducting this project. Supplement sponsorship is detailed in the Acknowledgments.

    The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Charles D. Wells, International Research and Programs Branch, Div. of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333 ().

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