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Milton Friedman on Economics Book Now Available

Upon his death in the autumn of 2006, Milton Friedman was lauded as “the grandmaster of free-market economic theory in the postwar era” by The New York Times and “the most influential economist of the second half of the twentieth century” by The Economist. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976, Friedman was both a highly respected economist and a prominent public intellectual, the leader of a revolution in economic and political thought that argued robustly in favor of the virtues of free markets and laissez-faire policies.

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ITEM! Political Candidates Are Buying Your Vote
New Paper for the Journal of Political Economy Exposes the Economics of Election Year Promises


An-arrgh-chy!
What Blackbeard Can Teach Us About Politics

In the News

Featured in Slate.com
" You're Saving Enough for Retirement (Probably)
" June 14, 2008
Are Americans Saving “Optimally” for Retirement?
John Karl Scholz, Ananth Seshadri, and Surachai Khitatrakun
"An admired analysis of retirement saving was published in 2006 in the Journal of Political Economy by John Karl Scholz and two colleagues...They concluded that more than 80 percent of Americans seemed to be on track to retire with enough money in the bank; the remainder were mostly not far short of sensible savings."

Featured in National Public Radio
"Thank You for Advertising" August 10, 2007
Private Profits and Public Health: Does Advertising of Smoking Cessation Products Encourage Smokers to Quit?

ROSEMARY AVERY
DONALD KENKEL
DEAN R. LILLARD
ALAN MATHIOS


We study the impact of smoking cessation product advertising. To measure potential exposure, we link survey data on magazine-reading habits and smoking behavior with an archive of print advertisements. We find that smokers who are exposed to more advertising are more likely to attempt to quit and to successfully quit. While some increased quitting involves product purchases, we find that product advertisements also prompt cold turkey quitting. Identifying the causal impact of advertising is difficult because advertisers target consumers. Although reverse causality could bias our estimates upward, our baseline results are not sensitive to a series of checks.

December 2005

Volume 113, Number 6
[Journal of Political Economy, 2005, vol. 113, no. 6]
0022-3808/2005/11306-0001$10.00
DOI: 10.1086/498588

Hepatitis B and the Case of the Missing Women

Emily Oster

Harvard University

In many Asian countries the ratio of male to female population is higher than in the West: as high as 1.07 in China and India, and even higher in Pakistan. A number of authors (most notably Amartya Sen) have suggested that this imbalance reflects excess female mortality and have argued that as many as 100 million women are “missing.” This paper proposes an explanation for some of the observed overrepresentation of men: the hepatitis B virus. I present new evidence, consistent with an existing scientific literature, that carriers of the hepatitis B virus have offspring sex ratios around 1.50 boys for each girl. This evidence includes both cross-country analyses and a natural experiment based on recent vaccination campaigns. Hepatitis B is common in many Asian countries, especially China, where some 10–15 percent of the population is infected. Using data on prevalence of the virus by country and estimates of the effect of hepatitis on the sex ratio, I argue that hepatitis B can account for about 45 percent of the “missing women”: around 75 percent in China, between 20 and 50 percent in Egypt and western Asia, and under 20 percent in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal.

Cited by

Nancy Qian. (2008) Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China: The Effect of Sex-Specific Earnings on Sex Imbalance * . Quarterly Journal of Economics 123:3, 1251-1285
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2008.
CrossRef
Michael C. M. Leung, Junsen Zhang. (2008) Gender preference, biased sex ratio, and parental investments in single-child households. Review of Economics of the Household 6:2, 91-110
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
CrossRef
M. Das Gupta. (2008) Can Biological Factors Like Hepatitis B Explain the Bulk of Gender Imbalance in China? A Review of the Evidence. The World Bank Research Observer 23:2, 201-217
Online publication date: 27-Jun-2008.
CrossRef
Ann L. Owen, Rongling You. (2008) Growth, Attitudes towards Women, and Women's Welfare. Review of Development Economics 0:0, 080321054758198-???
Online publication date: 21-Apr-2008.
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Donald Cox. (2007) Biological Basics and the Economics of the Family. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21:2, 91-108
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
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Monica Das Gupta. (2006) Cultural versus Biological Factors in Explaining Asia's "Missing Women": Response to Oster. Population and Development Review 32:2, 328-332
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.
CrossRef
Emily Oster. (2006) On Explaining Asia's "Missing Women": Comment on Das Gupta. Population and Development Review 32:2, 323-327
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006.
CrossRef
  • I am deeply indebted to Baruch Blumberg's book Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus (2002) for inspiring this paper. Nava Ashraf, Gary Becker, Baruch Blumberg, Edward Glaeser, Lawrence Katz, Stephan Klasen, Michael Kremer, Steve Levitt, Jeffrey Miron, Yuzo Miyakawa, Derek Neal, Karen Norberg, Nancy Qian, Jesse Shapiro, Amartya Sen, Andrei Shleifer, and participants in seminars at the Fox Chase Cancer Center, Harvard University, and the University of Chicago provided helpful comments. Mike Matthews was extremely helpful in providing data.

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