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May 2004

Volume 163, Number 5
Am Nat 2004. Vol. 163, pp. 635–653
0003-0147/2004/16305-40103$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/382734

Parent-Offspring Conflict in the Evolution of Vertebrate Reproductive Mode

Bernard Crespi* and

Christina Semeniuk

Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada

Abstract:

We propose and evaluate the hypothesis that parent-offspring conflict over the degree of maternal investment has been one of the main selective factors in the evolution of vertebrate reproductive mode. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that the assumptions of parent-offspring conflict theory are met for relevant taxa; the high number of independent origins of viviparity, matrotrophy (direct maternal-fetal nutrient transfer), and hemochorial placentation (direct fetal access to the maternal bloodstream); the extreme diversity in physiological and morphological aspects of viviparity and placentation, which usually cannot be ascribed adaptive significance in terms of ecological factors; and divergent and convergent patterns in the diversification of placental structure, function, and developmental genetics. This hypothesis is also supported by data demonstrating that embryos and fetuses actively manipulate their interaction with the mother, thereby garnishing increased maternal resources. Our results indicate that selection may favor adaptations of the mother, the fetus, or both in traits related to reproductive mode and that integration of physiological and morphological data with evolutionary ecological data will be required to understand the adaptive significance of interspecific variation in viviparity, matrotrophy, and placentation.

Submitted September 8, 2003; Accepted December 3, 2003; Electronically published March 18, 2004

Keywords:

viviparity, parent-offspring conflict, placentation, reproductive mode.

Associate Editor: Allen J. Moore

Cited by

M. M. Turcotte, M. N. Pires, R. C. Vrijenhoek, D. N. Reznick. (2009) Pre- and post-fertilization maternal provisioning in livebearing fish species and their hybrids (Poeciliidae: Poeciliopsis ). Functional Ecology 22:6, 1118-1124
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009.
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Matthew Schrader and Joseph Travis. (2008) Testing the Viviparity-Driven-Conflict Hypothesis: Parent-Offspring Conflict and the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in a Poeciliid Fish. The American Naturalist 172:6, 806-817
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.
M. G. ELLIOT, B. J. CRESPI. (2008) Placental invasiveness and brain-body allometry in eutherian mammals. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:6, 1763-1778
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Oliver P. Love and Tony D. Williams. (2008) The Adaptive Value of Stress-Induced Phenotypes: Effects of Maternally Derived Corticosterone on Sex-Biased Investment, Cost of Reproduction, and Maternal Fitness.. The American Naturalist 172:4, E135-E149
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James R. Stewart, Michael B. Thompson. (2008) Parallel evolution of placentation in Australian scincid lizards. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 9999B, n/a-n/a
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Jeanne A. Zeh, David W. Zeh. (2008) Mate Choice by Non-Virgin Females Contributes to Reproductive Isolation between Populations of the Harlequin Beetle-Riding Pseudoscorpion. Ethology 113:12, 1202-1211
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Wendt Müller, C(Kate). M. Lessells, Peter Korsten, and Nikolaus von Engelhardt. (2007) Manipulative Signals in Family Conflict? On the Function of Maternal Yolk Hormones in Birds.. The American Naturalist 169:4, E84-E96
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Marcelo N. Pires, Kevin E. McBride, David N. Reznick. (2007) Interpopulation variation in life-history traits ofPoeciliopsis prolifica: implications for the study of placental evolution. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 307A:2, 113-125
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Andrea Mess, Anthony M. Carter. (2006) Evolutionary transformations of fetal membrane characters in Eutheria with special reference to Afrotheria. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B:2, 140-163
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T. A. F. LONG. (2005) The influence of mating system on the intensity of parent-offspring conflict in primates. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:3, 509-515
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