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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


In the News

Featured in Scientific American
"Stomach Bug May Ward Off Asthma" July 16, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

Featured in Reuters
"Zinc reduces common cold symptoms" April 17, 2008
Duration and Severity of Symptoms and Levels of Plasma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, and Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
Ananda S. Prasad, Frances W. J. Beck, Bin Bao, Diane Snell, and James T. Fitzgerald
Zinc acetate lozenges taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, according to a report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in National Public Radio
"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

November 2000

Volume 182, Number 5
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;182:1331–1342
0022-1899/2000/18205-0007$02.00
DOI: 10.1086/315859

Evaluation of a Live, Cold-Passaged, Temperature-Sensitive, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Candidate in Infancy

Peter F. Wright,1

Ruth A. Karron,3

Robert B. Belshe,4

Juliette Thompson,1

James E. Crowe, Jr.,1

Thomas G. Boyce,1

Lisa L. Halburnt,1

George W. Reed,2,a

Stephen S. Whitehead,5

Edwin L. Anderson,4

Alec E. Wittek,6

Roberta Casey,2

Maryna Eichelberger,2

Bhagvanji Thumar,2

Valerie B. Randolph,6

Stephen A. Udem,6

Robert M. Chanock,5 and

Brian R. Murphy5

1Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, and 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; 3Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; 4Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri; 5Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; 6Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics, Pearl River, New York

Abstract

A live-attenuated, intranasal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) candidate vaccine, cpts-248/404, was tested in phase 1 trials in 114 children, including 37 1–2-month-old infants—a target age for RSV vaccines. The cpts-248/404 vaccine was infectious at 104 and 105 plaque-forming units in RSV-naive children and was broadly immunogenic in children >6 months old. Serum and nasal antibody responses in 1–2 month olds were restricted to IgA, had a dominant response to RSV G protein, and had no increase in neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, there was restricted virus shedding on challenge with a second vaccine dose and preliminary evidence for protection from symptomatic disease on natural reexposure. The cpts-248/404 vaccine candidate did not cause fever or lower respiratory tract illness. In the youngest infants, however, cpts-248/404 was unacceptable because of upper respiratory tract congestion associated with peak virus recovery. A live attenuated RSV vaccine for the youngest infant will use cpts-248/404 modified by additional attenuating mutations.

Received 7 March 2000; revised 12 July 2000; electronically published 22 September 2000.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Peter F. Wright, D7219 MCN, Division of Infectious Disease, Dept. of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 ().

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  • Presented in part: American Pediatric Society/Society for Pediatric Research meeting, Washington, DC, May 1998, and Keystone Symposium on Molecular Approaches to Human Viral Vaccines, Snowbird, Utah, April 1999.

    Informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians of volunteers, and the human experimentation guidelines of the US Department of Health and Human Services and of the relevant institutions were followed in the conduct of the clinical research.

    Financial support: National Institutes of Heath (NIH; AI-15095 and GCRC RR0095) and Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics. This work is part of a continuing program of research and development between NIH and Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics through CRADA numbers AI-000030 and AI-000087.

  • aPresent affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Worchester.

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