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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


In the News

Featured in Scientific American
"Stomach Bug May Ward Off Asthma" July 16, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

Featured in Reuters
"Zinc reduces common cold symptoms" April 17, 2008
Duration and Severity of Symptoms and Levels of Plasma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, and Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
Ananda S. Prasad, Frances W. J. Beck, Bin Bao, Diane Snell, and James T. Fitzgerald
Zinc acetate lozenges taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, according to a report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in National Public Radio
"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

15 April 2005

Volume 191, Number 8
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;191:1216–1220
0022-1899/2005/19108-0003$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/428951
BRIEF REPORT

Efficacy of H5 Influenza Vaccines Produced by Reverse Genetics in a Lethal Mouse Model

Aleksandr S. Lipatov,

Richard J. Webby,

Elena A. Govorkova,

Scott Krauss, and

Robert G. Webster

Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee

We studied the efficacy, in mice, of 2 H5 influenza vaccine viruses produced by reverse genetics. Mice were immunized with inactivated viruses and then inoculated with a human H5N1 1997 or 2003 virus or an avian H5N1 2001 virus. Vaccine viruses that we tested raised high levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting (1:160–1:1280) and virus-neutralizing (1:900–1:1900) antibodies on day 21 after a single dose of vaccine and decreased or prevented virus replication in mouse lungs; 54.5%–100% of immunized mice survived, whereas all control mice died. Protection was achieved despite antigenic differences and incomplete matching of the vaccine strain and the challenge virus. Therefore, high levels of cross-protection are predicted in the mouse model.

Received 7 September 2004; accepted 23 December 2004; electronically published 14 March 2005.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Robert G. Webster, Div. of Virology, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale St., Memphis, TN 38105-2794 ().

Cited by

M. Keith Howard, Otfried Kistner, P. Noel Barrett. (2008) Highlight: 3 rd Semmering Conference 2007 . Biological Chemistry 389:5, 569-577
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008.
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Katja Höschler, Robin Gopal, Nick Andrews, Melanie Saville, Stephanie Pepin, John Wood, Maria C. Zambon. (2007) Cross-neutralisation of antibodies elicited by an inactivated split-virion influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) vaccine in healthy adults against H5N1 clade 2 strains. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 1:5-6, 199-206
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007.
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Joost H. C. M. Kreijtz, Yasemin Suezer, Geert van Amerongen, Gerrie de Mutsert, Barbara S. Schnierle, John M. Wood, Thijs Kuiken, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Johannes Löwer, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Gerd Sutter, and Guus F. Rimmelzwaan. (2007) Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara–Based Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity in Mice against Infection with Influenza Virus H5N1. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 195:11, 1598-1606
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J McVernon, CT McCaw, JD Mathews. (2007) Model answers or trivial pursuits? The role of mathematical models in influenza pandemic preparedness planning. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 1:2, 43-54
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2007.
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Elena A. Govorkova, Richard J. Webby, Jennifer Humberd, Jon P. Seiler, and Robert G. Webster. (2006) Immunization with Reverse-Genetics–Produced H5N1 Influenza Vaccine Protects Ferrets against Homologous and Heterologous Challenge. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 194:2, 159-167
Online publication date: 15-Jul-2006.
Peter C Doherty, Stephen J Turner, Richard G Webby, Paul G Thomas. (2006) Influenza and the challenge for immunology. Nature Immunology 7:5, 449-455
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006.
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Ulrich Desselberger. (2006) International symposium: RNA viruses shuttling between animal and man. Future Virology 1:3, 305-311
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Gareth M Forde. (2005) Rapid-response vaccines—does DNA offer a solution?. Nature Biotechnology 23:9, 1059-1062
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2005.
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Erika Check. (2005) Avian flu special: Is this our best shot?. Nature 435:7041, 404-406
Online publication date: 26-Jun-2005.
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Benjamin Schwartz and Bruce Gellin. (2005) Vaccination Strategies for an Influenza Pandemic. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 191:8, 1207-1209
Online publication date: 15-Apr-2005.
  • (See the editorial commentary by Schwartz and Gellin and the article by Stephenson et al., on pages 1207–9 and 1210–5, respectively.)

  • Financial support: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (contract AI-95357); National Institutes of Health (cancer center support grant CA-21765); American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities.

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