The impact of structural adjustment policies on women&apos;s and children&apos;s health in Tanzania

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Review of African Political Economy

Volume 22, Issue 63

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The impact of structural adjustment policies on women's and children's health in Tanzania

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Author(s): Joe L. P. Lugalla ^a

Publication date (Print): March 1995

Journal: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

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Abstract

Since 1981, in an attempt to deal withTanzania's present social and economic crisis which dates back to the late 1970s, the government has adopted a variety of policy measures including The National Economic Survival Plan (NESP), Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) I (1986) and II (1989); the Economic and Social Action Plan (ESAP) and Priority Social Action Plan (PSAP) (1989). The principal objective of these adjustment measures has been to attain macroeconomic balance by bringing national expenditure into line with national income to reduce inflation and to increase exports. Other objectives have been to maintain egalitarian income distribution and provision of basic social services to the majority of the population. In order to realise these objectives, the government has been controlling credit and has removed subsidies on certain food items and agricultural inputs; introduced a system of progressive devaluation; liberalised trade; and has been trying to reduce government expenditure by introducing cost sharing measures in the education and health sector.

The erosion of real incomes and increased poverty have had a devastating effect on women and children: rural women have yet heavier workloads as males migrate to the urban areas to look for work; there is increased maternal mortality; chronic malnutrition and poverty are rendering the implementation of HIV/AIDS intervention strategies difficult. But most of all, the danger lies in the lack of care for future generations.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): crea20

Journal ID (archive): CREA

Title: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

ISSN (Print): 0305-6244

ISSN (Electronic): 1740-1720

Publication date (Print): March 1995

Volume: 22

Issue: 63

Pages: 43-53

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^a University of New Hampshire

Article

Publisher ID: 8704099 Coden ID: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 22, No. 63, March 1995, pp. 43-53

DOI: 10.1080/03056249508704099

PubMed ID: 12290679

SO-VID: c871add0-725f-41cc-b9ae-a8cf843ab393

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 29, Pages: 11

Bibliographic note

Due J. M. and Gladwin C. H.. 1991. . ‘Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female‐Headed Households’. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics . , December;
Elson D.. 1991. . “‘Male Bias in Macro‐economics: The Case of Structural Adjustment’. ”. In Male Bias in the Development Process . , Edited by: Elson D.. Manchester University Press. .
Onimode B.. , ed. 1989. . “‘The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Women: Concepts and Issues’. ”. In The IMF, The World Bank and the African Debt . , Vol. Vol. 2. , London : : Zed Books. .
Falola T. and Ityavyar D.. , eds. 1992. . The Political Economy of Health in Africa . , (Monographs in International Studies, Africa Series, No. 60). Ohio University. .
Fanin T.. ‘The Impact of Structural Adjustment Reform on Smallholdres: Issues and Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa’. In: . paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association; . November. 1993 ; , Washington, DC . .
Heggenhougen K.. 1987. . Community Health Workers: The Tanzanian Experience . , Oxford University Press. .
1993. . Sub‐Saharan African Female Health in Context (mimeo) . , Boston : : Harvard Medical School, Department of Social Medicine. .
Loewensen R.. 1993. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa’. . International Journal of Health Services . , Vol. 23((4))
Lugalla J. L. P.. 1990. . Socialist Construction and the Urbanization Process in Tanzania:An Analysis of Urban Poverty and Politics . , Federal Republic of Germany : : University of Bremen. .
1994. . Adjustments and Poverty in Tanzania: Grappling with Poverty Issues During Adjustment Period . , Hamburg : : Lit Verlag. .
Gibbon P.. , ed. “‘Structural Adjustment Policies and Education in Tanzania’. ”. In Social Change and Economic Reform in Africa . , Uppsala , , Sweden: : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. .
August. 1993 . “‘Cost of Education, Willingness to Pay and Ability of Parents to Share Costs’. ”. August. , Tanzania: : Department of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam. .
( 1993 ) (with B. Cooksey & G. Malekela ), ‘Parents’ Attitudes Towards Education in Rural Tanzania’ , TADREG Research Report No. 5 , Dar es Salaam .
Ngallaba S.. 1993. . Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 1991/92 . , Dar es Salaam : : Bureau of Statistics. .
O'Brien S.. 1991. . “‘Structural Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. ”. In Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers . , Edited by: Gladwin C.. Gainesville : : University of Florida Press. .
Ramphele M.. 1991. . “‘Empowerment and the Politics of Space’. ”. In Women Transforming Societies: Sub‐Saharan Africa and Carribean Perspectives . , Edited by: Ramphele M., Okeke E. and Anderson‐Manley V.. Cambridge , Mass. : : Radcliffe College. .
Schoepf B.. 1991. . “‘Gender, Power and Risk of AIDS in Zaire’. ”. In Women and Health in Africa . , Edited by: Turshen M.. Trenton , New Jersey : : Africa World Press. .
Brummelhuis Han Ten and Herdt Gilbert. , eds. 1993. . “‘Culture, Sex Research and AIDS Prevention in Africa’. ”. In Culture and Sexual Risk: Anthropological Perspectives on AIDS . HetSpinhuis , Amsterdam :
1991. . ‘Political Economy, Sex and Cultural Logics: A View from Zaire’. . African Urban Quarterly . , Vol. 6((1 & 2)) February and May;
Shaidi J.. 1991. . “‘Sexual Harassment of Women in the Formal Sector: The Case of Tanzania’. ”.
Tanzania Bureau of Statistics. . 1992. . The 1991/ 92 Household Budget Survey . Dar es Salaam :
Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP). . 1993. . Gender Profile of Tanzania . , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : : TGNP. .
Turshen M.. 1991. . “‘Gender and Health in Africa’. ”. In Women and Health in Africa . , Edited by: Turshen M.. Trenton, New Jersey : : Africa World Press. .
Ulin P.R.. 1992. . ‘African Women and AIDS: Negotiating Behavioural Change’. . Social Science and Medicine . , Vol. 34((1))
UNICEF. . 1990. . A Situational Analysis of Women and Children in Tanzania: an Overview . Dar es Salaam, Tanzania :
Vuorella U.. 1992. . “‘The Informal Sector, Social Reproduction and the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Women’. ”. In Tanzania and the IMF: The Dynamics of Liberalization . , Edited by: Campbell H. and Stein H.. Westview Press. .
Wisner B.. 1992. . “‘Health of the Future/Future of Health’. ”. In 21^stCentury Africa: Towards a New Vision of Self‐Sustainable Development . , Edited by: Seidman A. and Anang F.. Trenton : : Africa World Press. .
World Bank. . 1992. . Tanzania: AIDS Assessment and Planning Study . , Washington , DC : : A World Bank Country Study. .
May. 1991 . United Republic of Tanzania, Teachers and Financing of Education . , May. , Washington , DC : : Population and Human Resources Division, Southern African Department. .

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Due J. M. and Gladwin C. H.. 1991. . ‘Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female‐Headed Households’. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics . , December;

[2] Elson D.. 1991. . “‘Male Bias in Macro‐economics: The Case of Structural Adjustment’. ”. In Male Bias in the Development Process . , Edited by: Elson D.. Manchester University Press. .

[3] Onimode B.. , ed. 1989. . “‘The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Women: Concepts and Issues’. ”. In The IMF, The World Bank and the African Debt . , Vol. Vol. 2. , London : : Zed Books. .

[4] Falola T. and Ityavyar D.. , eds. 1992. . The Political Economy of Health in Africa . , (Monographs in International Studies, Africa Series, No. 60). Ohio University. .

[5] Fanin T.. ‘The Impact of Structural Adjustment Reform on Smallholdres: Issues and Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa’. In: . paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association; . November. 1993 ; , Washington, DC . .

[6] Heggenhougen K.. 1987. . Community Health Workers: The Tanzanian Experience . , Oxford University Press. .

[7] 1993. . Sub‐Saharan African Female Health in Context (mimeo) . , Boston : : Harvard Medical School, Department of Social Medicine. .

[8] Loewensen R.. 1993. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa’. . International Journal of Health Services . , Vol. 23((4))

[9] Lugalla J. L. P.. 1990. . Socialist Construction and the Urbanization Process in Tanzania:An Analysis of Urban Poverty and Politics . , Federal Republic of Germany : : University of Bremen. .

[10] 1994. . Adjustments and Poverty in Tanzania: Grappling with Poverty Issues During Adjustment Period . , Hamburg : : Lit Verlag. .

[11] Gibbon P.. , ed. “‘Structural Adjustment Policies and Education in Tanzania’. ”. In Social Change and Economic Reform in Africa . , Uppsala , , Sweden: : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. .

[12] August. 1993 . “‘Cost of Education, Willingness to Pay and Ability of Parents to Share Costs’. ”. August. , Tanzania: : Department of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam. .

[13] ( 1993 ) (with B. Cooksey & G. Malekela ), ‘Parents’ Attitudes Towards Education in Rural Tanzania’ , TADREG Research Report No. 5 , Dar es Salaam .

[14] Ngallaba S.. 1993. . Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 1991/92 . , Dar es Salaam : : Bureau of Statistics. .

[15] O'Brien S.. 1991. . “‘Structural Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. ”. In Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers . , Edited by: Gladwin C.. Gainesville : : University of Florida Press. .

[16] Ramphele M.. 1991. . “‘Empowerment and the Politics of Space’. ”. In Women Transforming Societies: Sub‐Saharan Africa and Carribean Perspectives . , Edited by: Ramphele M., Okeke E. and Anderson‐Manley V.. Cambridge , Mass. : : Radcliffe College. .

[17] Schoepf B.. 1991. . “‘Gender, Power and Risk of AIDS in Zaire’. ”. In Women and Health in Africa . , Edited by: Turshen M.. Trenton , New Jersey : : Africa World Press. .

[18] Brummelhuis Han Ten and Herdt Gilbert. , eds. 1993. . “‘Culture, Sex Research and AIDS Prevention in Africa’. ”. In Culture and Sexual Risk: Anthropological Perspectives on AIDS . HetSpinhuis , Amsterdam :

[19] 1991. . ‘Political Economy, Sex and Cultural Logics: A View from Zaire’. . African Urban Quarterly . , Vol. 6((1 & 2)) February and May;

[20] Shaidi J.. 1991. . “‘Sexual Harassment of Women in the Formal Sector: The Case of Tanzania’. ”.

[21] Tanzania Bureau of Statistics. . 1992. . The 1991/ 92 Household Budget Survey . Dar es Salaam :

[22] Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP). . 1993. . Gender Profile of Tanzania . , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : : TGNP. .

[23] Turshen M.. 1991. . “‘Gender and Health in Africa’. ”. In Women and Health in Africa . , Edited by: Turshen M.. Trenton, New Jersey : : Africa World Press. .

[24] Ulin P.R.. 1992. . ‘African Women and AIDS: Negotiating Behavioural Change’. . Social Science and Medicine . , Vol. 34((1))

[25] UNICEF. . 1990. . A Situational Analysis of Women and Children in Tanzania: an Overview . Dar es Salaam, Tanzania :

[26] Vuorella U.. 1992. . “‘The Informal Sector, Social Reproduction and the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Women’. ”. In Tanzania and the IMF: The Dynamics of Liberalization . , Edited by: Campbell H. and Stein H.. Westview Press. .

[27] Wisner B.. 1992. . “‘Health of the Future/Future of Health’. ”. In 21^stCentury Africa: Towards a New Vision of Self‐Sustainable Development . , Edited by: Seidman A. and Anang F.. Trenton : : Africa World Press. .

[28] World Bank. . 1992. . Tanzania: AIDS Assessment and Planning Study . , Washington , DC : : A World Bank Country Study. .

[29] May. 1991 . United Republic of Tanzania, Teachers and Financing of Education . , May. , Washington , DC : : Population and Human Resources Division, Southern African Department. .