1887
Volume 38, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0155-0640
  • E-ISSN: 1833-7139

Abstract

There is growing evidence that social interactions at work with local colleagues present a real challenge for Chinese immigrants to Australia (e.g. Tomazin, 2009; Zhou, Windsor, Coyer, & Theobald, 2010), often leaving them feeling defeated and despairing, and the Australians puzzled or affronted. Seeking to understand the nature, origin, and dynamics of the problem at its sociocultural depth, a study was undertaken to examine the problematic social experience as reported by a group of Chinese immigrant professionals, from both their own and their Australian counterparts’ perspectives. The findings suggest small talk presents professionally qualified Chinese with an acute problem, and this is because the nature and dynamics of small talk are new in their social experience. Taking a sociolinguistic perspective to analyse data comprising Chinese accounts and discussions of problematic incidents and Australian commentary on these, the root of the difficulty has been revealed to lie in mismatches in the deeply held beliefs and values of Chinese and Australians about the nature of personal identity and interpersonal relationships, most pertinently, differences in their belief about how relationships beyond the intimate circle should be best managed. The article will present the findings of the study and the implications they suggest.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/aral.38.1.01cui
2015-01-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Argyris, C. , Schön, D. A.
    (1974) Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. (1978) Organizational learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Butler, S. & Angelo, D.
    (1998) Australian phrasebook: Understanding Aussies and their culture (2nd ed.). Lonely Planet Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Clark, H. H.
    (1996) Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620539
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620539 [Google Scholar]
  5. Clyne, M. , Ball, M. , & Neil, D.
    (1991) Intercultural communication at work in Australia: Complaints and apologies in turns. Multilingua, 10(3), 251–273. doi: 10.1515/mult.1991.10.3.251
    https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1991.10.3.251 [Google Scholar]
  6. Coupland, J.
    (2000) Introduction: Sociolinguistic perspectives on small talk. In J. Coupland (Ed.), Small talk (pp.1–25). London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. (2003) Small talk: Social functions. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 36(1), 1–6. doi: 10.1207/S15327973RLSI3601_1
    https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327973RLSI3601_1 [Google Scholar]
  8. Crystal, D.
    (1987) The Cambridge encyclopaedia of language. Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cui, X.
    (2014) Getting to the Source: An Instrument for Examining the Dynamics of Problematic Interactions. RELC Journal: A Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 45(2), 197–210. doi: 10.1177/0033688214535053
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688214535053 [Google Scholar]
  10. Du, Y.
    (2007, March) 当代中国人际关系的传统根基与表现 [The traditional roots and manifestations of contemporary Chinese interpersonal Relationship]. Shiyou Education, 3, 97–99.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Fei, X. T.
    (1947) 乡土中国 [From the soil: The foundations of Chinese society]. Shanghai: Guancha.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Fraser, B.
    (2010) Pragmatic competence: The case of hedging. In G. Kalenbok , W. Mihatsch & S. Schneider (Eds.), New approaches to hedging (pp.15–34). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1163/9789004253247_003
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253247_003 [Google Scholar]
  13. Gao, G.
    (1996) Self and other: A Chinese perspective on interpersonal relationships. In W. B. Gudykunst , S. Ting-Toomey & T. Nishida (Eds.), Communication in personal relationships across cultures (pp.81–101). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Geertz, C.
    (1975) On the nature of anthropological understanding. American Scientists, 63(1), 47–53.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gesteland, R. R.
    (1999) Cross-culture business behaviour. Herndon, VA: Copenhagen Business School Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gu, Y. J.
    (1987) How could you not make a distinction between an insider and an outsider?In Zhang Lao Shi Monthly (Ed.), The mask personality of Chinese: Favour and face (pp.28–39). Taiwan: Zhang Lao Shi Publishing Company
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Halliday, M. A. K.
    (1991) The notion of ‘context’ in language education. In T. Le & M. McCausland (Eds), Language education: Interaction and development. Proceedings of the international conference (pp.1–26). Launceston: University of Tasmania.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hirst, J.
    (2009) The shortest history of Europe. Australia: Black Inc.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hofstede, G.
    (2001) Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Holmes, J.
    (1998) Analysing power at work: An analytical framework. Paper presented atSixth International Conference on Language and Social Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, 16–20 May 1997.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. (2000a) Doing collegiality and keeping control at work: Small talk in government departments. In J. Coupland (Ed.), Small talk (pp.36–61). London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. (2000b) Talking English from 9 to 5: Challenges for ESL learners at work. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 125–140. doi: 10.1111/j.1473‑4192.2000.tb00143.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2000.tb00143.x [Google Scholar]
  23. (2003) Talk at work and “fitting in”: A socio-pragmatic perspective on workplace culture. In G. Wigglesworth (Ed.), Marking our difference: Languages in Australia and New Zealand universities. Proceedings of Conference onLanguage Education in Australian and New Zealand Universities (pp.95–115). Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. (2005a) Socio-pragmatic aspects of workplace talk. In Y. Kawaguchi , S. Zaima , T. Takagaki , K. Shibano & M. Usami (Eds), Linguistic informatics – State of the art and the future: The first international conference on linguistic informatics (pp.196–220). Amsterdam, John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/ubli.1.16hol
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ubli.1.16hol [Google Scholar]
  25. (2005b) When small talk is a big deal: Sociolinguistic challenges in the workplace. In M. H. Long (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp.344–372). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511667299.012
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667299.012 [Google Scholar]
  26. Holmes, J. , & Fillary, R.
    (2000) Handling small talk at work: Challenges for workers with intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47(3), 273–291. doi: 10.1080/713671114
    https://doi.org/10.1080/713671114 [Google Scholar]
  27. Holmes, J. , & Marra, M.
    (2002) Over the edge? Subversive humor between colleagues and friends. Humor, 15(1), 65–87. doi: 10.1515/humr.2002.006
    https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2002.006 [Google Scholar]
  28. (2004) Relational practice in the workplace: Women’s talk or gendered discourse?Language in Society, 33(3), 377–398. doi: 10.1017/S0047404504043039
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404504043039 [Google Scholar]
  29. Holmes, J. , & Stubbe. M.
    (2003) Power and politeness in the workplace: A sociolinguistics analysis of talk at work. London: Pearson.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Holmes, J. , & Riddiford, N.
    (2009) Talk at work: Interactional challenges for immigrants. In V. K. Bhatia , W. Cheng , B. Du-Babcock & J. Lung (Eds.), Language for professional communication: Research, practice and training (pp.217–234). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, Asia-Pacific LSP and Professional Communication Association, and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. (2010a) Professional and personal identity at work: Achieving a synthesis through intercultural workplace talk. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 22. Retrieved fromwww.immi.se/intercultural/nr22/holmes.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  32. (2010b) From classroom to workplace: Tracking socio-pragmatic development. ELT Journal, 65(4), 376–386. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccq071
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccq071 [Google Scholar]
  33. Hymes, D.
    (1972) Models of the interaction of language and social life. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp.35–71). New York: Holt Rinehart.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Laver, J.
    (1975) Communicative functions of phatic communion. In A. Kendon , R. M. Harris & M. R. Key (Eds.), The organization of behaviour in face-to-face interaction (pp.215–238). Walter de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Liu, S.
    (2011) Acting Australians and being Chinese: Integration of ethnic Chinese business people. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(4), 406–415. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.04.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.04.004 [Google Scholar]
  36. Lu, L. L.
    (2007) We and they: cultural clashes between Australian teachers and mainland Chinese postgraduates (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Malinowski, B.
    (1999) On phatic communion. In A. Jaworski & N. Coupland (Eds), The discourse reader (pp.302–305). London/New York: Routledge. (Original work published 1923).
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Markus, H. R. , & Kitayama, S.
    (1991) Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–53. doi: 10.1037/0033‑295X.98.2.224
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 [Google Scholar]
  39. Orton, J.
    (2000) Keys to successful intercultural communication between partners in Australia-Chinese joint ventures. Melbourne: The Australia China Business Council (Vic. Branch).
    [Google Scholar]
  40. (2001) What can be learned in a month?In W. Hu (Ed.), Selected papers from China’s 3rd symposium on intercultural communication (pp.410–435). Beijing: Foreign Languages Research Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Ren, M.
    (2008) 现代社会的人际关系类型及其互动逻辑 [Types of interpersonal relationships and interaction logics: Expansion of the differential mode of association. Theory for modern Chinese society]. Journal of East Chinese Technology University, 23(2), 50–56.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Renwick, G.
    (1980) Australians and North Americans. Yarmouth, Maine: Intercultural press.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. (1991) A fair go for all: Australian/American interactions. Revised by Reginald Smart and Don L. Henderson . Yarmouth, Maine: Intercultural press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Song, Q. , & Liao, C. Y.
    (2007) 当代中国的人际关系特点分析 [On the characteristics of interpersonal relationships in China today]. Journal of Qinzhou University, 22(1). Retrieved fromwenku.baidu.com/view/4a48911a964bcf84b9d57b02.html
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Tan, D. , & Snell, R. S.
    (2002) The third eye: Exploring guanxi and relational morality in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 41(4), 361–384. doi: 10.1023/A:1021217027814
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021217027814 [Google Scholar]
  46. Tomazin, F.
    (2009, June 15) Beyond them and us. The Age. Retrieved fromwww.theage.com.au/action/printArticle?id=557565
  47. Triandis, H. C.
    (1988) Collectivism and development. In D. Sinha & H. S. Kao (Eds.), Social values and development: Asian perspectives (pp.285–303). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. (1990) Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism. In R. Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology (pp.34–55). Newbury Pk, CA: Sage. doi: 10.4135/9781483325392.n2
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325392.n2 [Google Scholar]
  49. (1995) Individualism-collectivism. Boulde, CO: Westview.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Tsui, A. S. , & Farh, J.
    (1997) Where Guanxi matters: Regional demography and guanxi in the Chinese context. Work and Occupation, 24(1), 56–79. doi: 10.1177/0730888497024001005
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888497024001005 [Google Scholar]
  51. Tu, J.
    (2009) 论差序格局 [An interpretation of differential mode of association]. Social Sciences in Guangdong, 6, 165–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Wang, G. , & Chen, Y. K.
    (2010) Introduction: Collectivism, relations, and Chinese communication. Chinese Journal of Communication, 3(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1080/17544750903528708
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750903528708 [Google Scholar]
  53. West, B. A. , & Murphy, F. T.
    (2007), G’day Boss! Australian culture and the workplace. Abbotsford, Vic.: Tribus Lingua.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Wierzbicka, A.
    (2010) Cultural scripts and international communication. In A. Trosborg (Ed.), Pragmatics across languages and cultures (pp.43–78). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Yan, G. M.
    (2009) 中西社会结构各自发展的脉络 [On the respective developmental course of social structures in China and Western countries]. Journal of Jingdezhen Comprehensive College, 24(1), 24–27.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Yang, K. S.
    (1988) 中国人的心理 [The psychology of Chinese people]. Taipei, Taiwan: Kuei-Kuan Publishing Co.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Ye, Z. D.
    (2004) Chinese categorization of interpersonal relationships and the cultural logic of Chinese social interactions: An indigenous perspective. Intercultural Pragmatics, 1(2), 211–230. doi: 10.1515/iprg.2004.1.2.211
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2004.1.2.211 [Google Scholar]
  58. Yeh, M. H. , & Yang. K. S.
    (1997) 中国人的家族主义: 概念分析与实证衡鉴 [Chinese familism: Conceptual analysis and empirical assessment]. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, 83, 169–225. Retrieved fromwww.ioe.sinica.edu.tw/WebTools/FilesDownload.ashx?Siteid=530167135246736660-Menuid=530167136416504370-fd=ResearcherPublication&Pname=etb083-004_20121218145512.pdf.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Zhou, Y. X. , Windsor, C. , Coyer, F. , & Theobald, K.
    (2010) Ambivalence and the experience of Chinaeducated nurses working in Australia. Nursing Inquiry, 17(3), 186–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1440‑1800.2010.00492.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2010.00492.x [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/aral.38.1.01cui
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Chinese communication; intercultural communication; small talk
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error