Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Major ArticleScreening merits of the Lang II, Frisby, Randot, Titmus, and TNO stereo tests☆,☆☆,★
Section snippets
Subjects and methods
The field study was performed in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico. One school each in 4 of the 5 metropolitan communities was visited. A total of 1035 children (454 boys and 581 girls) born in Mexico in 1986 were examined. The participation rate was 78%. Participation was voluntary and informed consent was obtained from all parents and participating children. A short questionnaire was added to the permission form to gather information about subjects' previous contacts with eye
Results
In the studied population, 24 children had manifest strabismus. Of the children with strabismus, 14 had subnormal visual acuity (<20/20) in one or both eyes. The types of strabismus can be seen in detail in Table one. There were no consecutive exotropias.
Amblyopia was found in 50 children. A total of 60 children had amblyopia and/or strabismus.
Subnormal stereoacuity was found in 2.2% to 10.4% of the total population across the 5 stereo tests used (Lang II-Frisby-TNO-Randot-Titmus, in order of
Discussion
Previous works on the screening qualities of stereo tests have shown disparate results. The stereo tests have been developed over a period of time, with the Titmus stereo fly being the oldest test and the Lang II being the latest contribution. There is some agreement that tests based on the random-dot technique (eg, the TNO and Lang tests) are superior to tests such as the Titmus and Randot stereo testing real stereopsis generated from truly binocular interaction.3, 11 The Randot stereo test is
References (28)
- et al.
Preschool vision screening for amblyopia and strabismus. Programs, methods, guidelines, 1983
Surv Ophthalmol
(1983) - et al.
A new stereoscopic test for amblyopia screening
Am J Ophthalmol
(1974) Amblyopia screening with random-dot stereograms
Am J Ophthalmol
(1975)- et al.
Evaluation of clinical stereoacuity tests
Ophthalmology
(1980) - et al.
A reconsideration of amblyopia screening and stereopsis
Am J Ophthalmol
(1974) - et al.
FPL and VEP measures of fusion, stereopsis and stereoacuity in normal infants
Vision Res
(1996) - et al.
Non-stereoscopic cues in the Random-Dot E stereotest: results for adult observers
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
(1997) - et al.
A comparative assessment of the Lang, TNO and Titmus stereo test
European Strabismological Association
(1984) - et al.
Testing stereopsis in the preschool child: is it clinically useful?
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
(1991) - et al.
Detecting ocular and visual anomalies in a vision screening setting using the Lang stereotest
J Am Optom Assoc
(1994)
Stereoacuity levels and vision problems in children from 7 to 11 years
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
Screening for amblyopia and strabismus with the Lang II stereo card
Acta Ophthalmologica
Vision screening with the RDE stereotest in pediatric populations
Optom Vis Sci
Stereoacuity norms in young children
Arch Ophthalmol
Cited by (56)
Pickwell’s Binocular Vision Anomalies
2021, Pickwell's Binocular Vision AnomaliesStereoacuity after photorefractive keratectomy in myopia
2016, Journal of Current OphthalmologyCorrelations between clinical measures and symptoms: Report 1: Stereoacuity with accommodative, vergence measures, and symptoms
2020, Journal of OptometryCitation Excerpt :The procedure was repeated for boxes 2–12 and the number of figures identified correctly was recorded. The first consistent incorrect response on the circles was considered the limit of disparity except when the patient identified two consecutive finer stimuli correctly.19,23 The accommodative and vergence tests are routine optometric techniques and have been described in detail in an earlier publication15,16 All near tests were performed at 40 cm with the best refractive distance corrections in place.
- ☆
This study was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (grant No. 02226), the Wilhelm and Martina Lundgren Science Foundation, the Sunnerdahl Foundation for the Handicapped, the Margit Thysielius Foundation, the Mayflower Charity foundation for Children, the KMA Foundation, the DBV Foundation, and the Ahrnberg Foundation.
- ☆☆
This study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
- ★
Reprint requests: Josefin Ohlsson, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, SU/Mölndal, SE 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden (E-mail: [email protected]).