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Parasitismus und ‘Endokrine Disruption’ in Fischen

Parasitism and ‘endocrine disruption’ in fish: The importance of holistic approaches in ecotoxicology

Die Notwendigkeit holistischer Ansätze in der Umwelttoxikologie

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

In den 60er Jahren erfolgte im Bereich der Ökotoxikologie ein Umdenken bezüglich der Strategien zur Erforschung und Bewertung von Umweltproblemen zugunsten von verstärkt holistischen Ansätzen. Diese Veränderungen waren auf Erkenntnisse zurückzuführen, dass die Wirkung von Schadstoffen auf Organismen in der Umwelt von den jeweiligen ökologischen Bedingungen sowie anderen Umweltfaktoren beeinflusst werden. Endokrine und damit assoziierte reproduktionsbiologische Prozesse sind besonders stark von Umwelteinflüssen abhängig. Daher ist es unverständlich, dass entsprechende integrative Ansätze im Bereich der ökotoxikologischen Bewertung von reproduktions-endokrinen Störungen eher selten in der heutigen Forschungslandschaft anzutreffen sind. Inzwischen mehren sich Stimmen sowohl aus der Wissenschaft als auch aus der Politik, die den Einsatz alternativer Ansätze in der Forschung mit Endokrinen Disruptoren fordern.

Ziel

Ziel dieses Beitrages ist die kritische Diskussion gegenwärtiger Strategien und Forschungsansätze sowie die Identifizierung von alternativen Strategien in der Umweltrisikobewertung endokriner Disruptoren. Als Beispiel dienen ökotoxikologische Studien zur Bewertung von endokrinen Störungen in freilebenden Brassen (Abramis brama) entlang der Elbe.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Lokale Brassenpopulationen entlang der Elbe waren durch unterschiedliche Ausprägungen endokriner Störungen charakterisiert. Trotz der relativ guten Datenlage zur Schadstoffbelastung von sowohl Wasser und Sedimenten/Schwebstoffen der unterschiedlichen untersuchten Flusstationen war es nicht möglich, die beobachteten biologischen Effekte der Exposition mit bestimmten Monosubstanzen bzw. komplexen Substanzgemischen zuzuordnen. Während der grob-morphologischen Untersuchung der gefangenen Fische stellte sich heraus, dass in bestimmten Regionen eine große Anzahl der Individuen der jeweiligen Brassenpopulation mit dem Bandwurm Ligula intestinalis parasitiert war. Die statistische Analyse des Datensatzes ergab, dass ein relativ hoher Prozentsatz der beobachteten Variabilität der untersuchten Parameter sowohl zwischen den untersuchten Stationen als auch zwischen Individuen durch diesen Parasiten erklärt werden konnte. Insgesamt weisen die Befunde dieser Studie jedoch auf ein komplexes Interaktionsgefüge von Exposition und Parasitisierung sowohl untereinander als auch mit den biologischen Messgrößen hin.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die lückenhafte Datenlage sowie Erkenntnisse aus den wenigen zur Verfügung stehenden Studien im Bereich der endokrinen Ökotoxikologie machen deutlich, dass ein Umdenken bezüglich der Charakterisierung und Bewertung von Expositionsszenarien, insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihr Potential, endokrine Störungen in Organismen zu verursachen, notwendig ist. Berücksichtigt man die komplexe Natur von Expositionsszenarien in der aquatischen Umwelt, so sollte dieses Umdenken zugunsten holistischer Ansätze erfolgen, die im ursprünglichen Sinne des Begriffes Ökotoxikologie sowohl Ökologie als auch Toxikologie integrieren.

Abstract

Background

Since the 1960s the scientific community has become increasingly aware of the need for integrative and holistic approaches to solve environmental issues. It has not only been recognized that changing environmental conditions can alter toxicological properties of pollutants but also that susceptibility of organisms to man-made chemicals strongly depends on environmental factors. This is especially true with respect to the endocrine control of reproductive processes in many aquatic species including fish, which are mainly influenced by changes in the surrounding environment such as day length, temperature, water flow, etc. Thus, it is astounding that the use of integrative approaches to address the question of the ecotoxicological relevance of the disruption of endocrine and related reproductive functions is rate. As a consequence of this shortcoming, there is increasing demand both among scientists and politicians regarding more holistic approaches in the endocrine disruptor research.

Aim

This contribution aims to critically discuss current strategies and approaches as well as to identify alternative strategies in context with the environmental risk assessment of endocrine disruptors. This will be exemplified using an ecotoxicological study with bream (Abramis brama) that was conducted along a major European river, the Elbe.

Results and Discussion

Local bream (Abramis brama) populations collected along the river Elbe were characterized by different magnitudes and/or types of endocrine alterations. Although there is a relatively extensive data set available regarding its contamination with wide range of chemicals in the Elbe, it has not been possible to conclusively relate the observed endocrine effects to the exposure to individual compounds or mixtures of chemicals. However, during the gross morphological evaluations of the fish it was observed that at some locations a great number of the individuals caught were parasitized with the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis. Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed that a relatively great percentage of the variation of the biological endpoints observed both among individuals and sampling sites could be explained by the occurrence of this parasite. Overall, the findings of these studies indicate that there is a complex interaction not only among the exposure to chemicals and parasitism but also of both of these aspects with the occurrence of biological effects in fish.

Conclusions

The gaps in our current knowledge as well as the findings from the few studies available indicate, the there is a need to revise our current approaches to characterize and evaluate exposure scenarios regarding their potential to cause endocrine disruption in wild organisms. Given the complexity of most environmental exposure scenarios, involving multiple factors including anthropogenic and natural influences and their interactions, I therefore see the urgent need to initiate a discussion on more integrative approaches in this field in favor of true ‘ecotoxicological studies’ that integrate both ecology and toxicology.

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OnlineFirst: 31. Oktober 2006

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Hecker, M. Parasitismus und ‘Endokrine Disruption’ in Fischen. UWSF - Z Umweltchem Ökotox 18, 248–253 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1065/uwsf2006.10.147

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