Skip to main content
Log in

Analysis of patterns of spatial occupancy in urban open space using behaviour maps and GIS

  • Original Article
  • Published:
URBAN DESIGN International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The article concentrates on emerging relationships between physical characteristics of urban open spaces and their uses. It draws on a combination of behaviour mapping and geographic information system (GIS) techniques – as applied to urban squares and parks in two European cities, Edinburgh (UK) and Ljubljana (Slovenia) – to reveal common patterns of behaviour that appear to be correlated with particular layouts and details. It shows actual dimensions of effective environments for one use or more of them and shows how design guidance can be arrived at, based on the particulars of the case study sites and cities. In addition, the value of this article is in exploring GIS, a tool that is currently irreplaceable in spatial analysis and planning processes for urban areas, as a detailed analytical and visualisation tool that helps to describe inner structure of places revealed by behaviour patterns.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Kodmany, K. (2000) GIS in the urban landscape: Reconfiguring neighbourhood planning and design processes. Landscape Research 25 (1): 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, I.D. (2001) Predicting movement choices in virtual environments. Landscape and Urban Planning 56 (3–4): 97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese, F., Kloeckl, K. and Ratti, C. (2007) Wikicity: Connecting the tangible and the virtual realm of a city. Geoinformatics 10 (8): 42–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts, C. (2008) Greenway accessibility and physical-activity behaviour. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 35 (5): 552–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foltête, J.C. and Piombini, A. (2007) Urban layout, landscape features and pedestrian usage. Landscape and Urban Planning 81 (3): 225–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, K.A. and Stevens, Q. (eds.) (2007) Loose Space: Possibility and Diversity in Urban Life. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, H.J. (1968) People and Planning: Essays on Urban Problems and Solutions. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehl, J. (1987) Life between Buildings: Using Public Space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehl, J. and Gemzøe, L. (1996) Public Spaces – Public Life. Copenhagen, Denmark: The Danish Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goličnik, B. (2005a) People in place: A configuration of physical form and the dynamic patterns of spatial occupancy in urban open public space. PhD thesis, Edinburgh College of Art, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh.

  • Goličnik, B. (2005b) Public urban open spaces and patterns of users: Exploring behaviour data using GIS. In: B. Martens and A.G. Keul (eds.) Designing Social Innovation: Planning, Building, Evaluating. Toronto, Canada: Hogrefe, pp. 167–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goličnik, B. (2007) GIS behaviour mapping for provision of interactive empirical knowledge, vital monitoring and better place design. In: K. Thwaites, S. Porta, O. Romice and M. Greaves (eds.) Urban Sustainability through Environmental Design: Approaches to Time, People and Place Responsive Urban Spaces. London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, pp. 136–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goličnik, B. (2008) Parki in njihovi uporabniki. Parks and their users. Urbani izziv 19 (2): 10–17, 133–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goličnik, B. and Ward Thompson, C. (2010) Emerging relationships between design and use of urban park spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning 94 (1): 38–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goličnik Marušić, B., Nikšič, M., Tominc, B., Bizjak, I. and Mladenovič, L. (2009) Informacijska tehnologija, urbana mobilnost in izboljšanje kakovosti življenja: z GSM-i do analiz stanja in potreb kolesarstva v Ljubljani. Information technology, urban mobility and improvement of quality of life: state of the art and needs regarding cycling in Ljubljana using GIS. Ljubljana, SLO: Urbanistični inštitut Republike Slovenije. Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia. Research report.

  • Hajer, M. and Rijendorp, A. (2001) In Search of the New Public Domain: Analysis and Strategy. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: NAi Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heide, H.T. and Wijnbelt, D. (1996) To know and to make: The link between research and urban design. Journal of Urban Design 1 (1): 75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, B. and Hansen, J. (1984) The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ittelson, W.H., Rivlin, L.G. and Prohansky, H.M. (1970) The use of behavioural maps in environmental psychology. In: H.M. Prohansky, W.H. Ittelson and L.G. Rivlin (eds.) Environmental Psychology: Man and his Physical Setting. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, pp. 658–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. and Kaplan, S. (1989) The Experience of Nature: a Psychological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, B. (2004) What Designers Know. Oxford, UK: Architectural Press, an imprint of Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, K. and Hack, G. (2002) The art of site planning. In: S. Swaffield (ed.) Theory in Landscape Architecture. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 57–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H.J. (2003) What about people in geographic information science? Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 27 (5): 447–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C.T. (1993) Redefining Design: From Form to Experience. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolin, P. and Repishti, F. (eds.) (2003) Dictionary of Today's Landscape Designers. Milano, Italy: Skira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, T.S. (2005) The Potential for the Exploration of Activity Patterns in the Urban Landscape with GPS-positioning and Electronic Activity Diaries, Life in the Urban Landscape. Proceedings of international conference for Integrating Urban Knowledge and Practice, CD Conference proceedings, Gothenburg, pp. 2–14.

  • Passini, R. (1996) Wayfinding design: logic, application and some thoughts on universality. Design Studies 17 (3): 319–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porta, S. and Latora, V. (2007) Multiple centrality assessment. In: K. Thwaites, S. Porta, O. Romice and M. Greaves (eds.) Urban Sustainability through Environmental Design: Approaches to Time, People and Place Responsive Urban Spaces. London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, pp. 101–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, A. (1977) Human Aspects of Urban Form. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, E. (1997) Why Architects Draw. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwell, K.J. (2004) The utility of behavioural science in landscape architecture: investigating the application of environment-behaviour theory and its research methods to fit the spatial agenda of design. PhD, Edinburgh College of Art, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.

  • Thwaites, K., Porta, S., Romice, O. and Greaves, M. (2007) Urban Sustainability through Environmental Design: Approaches to Time, People and Place Responsive Urban Spaces. London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thwaites, K. and Simkins, I. (2007) Experiential landscape: Revealing hidden dimensions of people-place relations. In: K. Thwaites, S. Porta, O. Romice and M. Greaves (eds.) Urban Sustainability through Environmental Design: Approaches to Time, People and Place Responsive Urban Spaces. London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis, pp. 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treib, M. (2001) The content of landscape form: Limits of formalism. Landscape Journal 20 (2): 119–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaick, J. and van der Spek, S. (eds.) (2008) Urbanism on Track: Application of Tracing Technologies in Urbanism. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward Thompson, C. (2002) Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 60 (2): 59–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward Thompson, C., Findlay, C. and Soutrhwell, K. (2005) Lost in the countryside: Developing a toolkit to address wayfinding problems. In: B. Martens and A.G. Keul (eds.) Designing Social Innovation: Planning, Building, Evaluating. Toronto, Canada: Hogrefe, pp. 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worpole, K. (2000) Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-century European Culture. London: Reaktion Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Marušić, B. Analysis of patterns of spatial occupancy in urban open space using behaviour maps and GIS. Urban Des Int 16, 36–50 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2010.20

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2010.20

Keywords

Navigation