Skip to main content
Log in

Somatic personhood and the dilemma of authenticity in ADHD subjectivity

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Subjectivity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, I discuss the dilemma of authenticity in ADHD subjectivity in the context of somatic, especially cerebral and neurochemical, personhood, which was stimulated by the rise of neuro-scientific knowledge, practices and technologies and their impact on culture and society. Through these processes, selfhood is continually identified with brainhood, in which mental processes are reduced to brain functions and neurochemistry. This has vast consequences on our understanding of human agency, morality and responsibility and opens existentialist questions about authenticity. In this sense, authenticity marks the effort to navigate the shifting relations of nature-culture and mind-brain and the uncertainty in conceptualisations of health, social functionality and normality. These dilemmas are practically significant in the case of subjectivities defined by psychiatric diagnosis in which the definition of authentic self impacts self-understanding and self-management of life strategies, such as treatment decisions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

Notes

  1. “Neuroexistentialism is what you get when Geisteswissenschaften reaches the stage where it finally and self-consciously exorcises the geist and recommends that no one should take seriously the Cartesian myth of the ghost in the machine”(Caruso and Flanagan 2017, s. 2).

References

  • Barkley, R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperavitivity disorder. Scientific American.

  • Blum, K., A.L.-C. Chen, E.R. Braverman, D.E. Comings, T.J. Chen, V. Arcuri, S.H. Blum, B.W. Downs, R.L. Waite, and A. Notaro. 2008. Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 4 (5): 893–918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolt, I., and M. Schermer. 2009. Psychopharmaceutical enhancers: Enhancing identity? Neuroethics 2 (2): 103–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breggin, P. 2007. Talking back to Ritalin: What doctors aren’t telling you about stimulants and ADHD. New York: Da Capo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breggin, P.R., and G.R. Breggin. 1996. The hazards of treating “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” with methylphenidate (Ritalin). Journal of College Student Psychotherapy 10 (2): 55–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, G., and O. Flanagan. 2017. Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, morals, and purpose in the age of neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. 2019. Neurodiversity theory and its discontents: Autism, schizophrenia, and the social model of disability. In The Bloomsbury companion to philosophy of psychiatry, ed. Şerife Tekin and Robyn Bluhm, 371–390. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, E.J. 2011. The end of drugging children: Toward the genealogy of the ADHD subject. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 47 (1): 44–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P. 1976. Identifying hyperactive children: The medicalization of deviant behavior. Lexington: D. C. Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P., and D. Potter. 2000. From hyperactive children to ADHD adults: Observations on the expansion of medical categories. Social Problems 47 (4): 559–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeGrazia, D. 2000. Prozac, enhancement, and self-creation. Hastings Center Report 30 (2): 34–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeGrazia, D. 2005. Enhancement technologies and human identity. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30 (3): 261–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, C. 2011. Enhancement technologies and the modern self. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 36 (4): 364–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erler, A., and T. Hope. 2014. Mental disorder and the concept of authenticity. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 21 (3): 219–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, O., and G. D. Caruso. 2018. Third wave existentialism. Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience 1–22.

  • Foucault, M. 2013. History of madness. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frankfurt, H.G. 1988. Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. In What is a person? Contemporary issues in biomedicine, ethics, and society, ed. M.F.Goodman. Clifton: Humana Press.

  • Fukuyama, F. 2003. Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, P. 2013. Between camps: Nations, cultures and the allure of race. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Glannon, W. 2017. Behavior control, meaning, and neuroscience. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, morals, and purpose in the age of neuroscience, ed. Gregg D. Caruso and Owen Flanagan. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, I. 2007. Kinds of People: Moving Targets. 151: 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallowell, E.M., and J.J. Ratey. 2011. Driven to distraction (revised): Recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder. New York: Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, G.A. 2019. ‘Aren’t mental disorders just chemical imbalances?’, ‘Aren’t mental disorders just brain dysfunctions?’, and other frequently asked questions about mental disorders. In The Bloomsbury companion to philosophy of psychiatry, ed. S. Tekin and R. Bluhm, 59–92. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karp, D. A. 2007. Is it me or my meds?: Living with antidepressants. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, P.D., and P.D. Kramer. 1994. Listening to prozac. London: Fourth Estate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff, A. 2000. Adaptive will: The evolution of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36 (2): 149–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, N. 2011. Enhancing authenticity. Journal of Applied Philosophy 28 (3): 308–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loe, M., and L. Cuttino. 2008. Grappling with the medicated self: The case of ADHD college students. Symbolic Interaction 31 (3): 303–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, R., and A. Rafalovich. 2007. Suffer the restless children: The evolution of ADHD and paediatric stimulant use, 1900–80. History of Psychiatry 18 (4): 435–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novas, C., and N. Rose. 2000. Genetic risk and the birth of the somatic individual. Economy and Society 29 (4): 485–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega, F. 2009. The cerebral subject and the challenge of neurodiversity. BioSocieties 4 (4): 425–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parens, E. 2005. Authenticity and ambivalence: Toward understanding the enhancement debate. Hastings Center Report 35 (3): 34–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K. 2018. Challenging sociality: An anthropology of robots, autism, and attachment. Cham: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. 1999. Governing the soul: The shaping of the private self. London: Free Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. 2001. The politics of life itself. Theory, Culture & Society 18 (6): 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. 2003. The neurochemical self and its anomalies. In Risk and morality, ed. R. Ericson, 407–437. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

  • Schechtman, M. 2004. Self-expression and self-control. Ratio 17 (4): 409–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schermer, M. 2007. Brave new world versus island—Utopian and dystopian views on psychopharmacology. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10: 119–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J. 2017. Neurodiversity: The birth of an idea. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, I. 2005. Will the “real boy” please behave: Dosing dilemmas for parents of boys with ADHD. The American Journal of Bioethics 5 (3): 34–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, D. 2006. Racialized futures: Biologism and the changing politics of identity. Social Studies of Science 36 (3): 459–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. 1992. The ethics of authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Timimi, S. 2021. Insane medicine: How the mental health industry creates damaging treatment traps and how you can escape them. Indie Digital & Print Publishing.

  • Timimi, S., and J. Leo. 2009. Rethinking ADHD: From brain to culture. New York: Palgrave.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, F., and F. Ortega. 2017. Being brains. New York: Fordham University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, N. 2013. Throw away the master’s tools: Liberating ourselves from the pathology paradigm. Neuroqueer. https://neuroqueer.com/throw-away-the-masters-tools/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandra Vrhel.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vrhel, A. Somatic personhood and the dilemma of authenticity in ADHD subjectivity. Subjectivity 30, 251–266 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-023-00165-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-023-00165-8

Keywords

Navigation