Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Correlation between tobacco control policies and tobacco prevention in Mexico: a sub-national analysis

  • Viewpoint
  • Published:
Journal of Public Health Policy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to determinate the correlation between tobacco control policies (TCP) and the prevalence of tobacco use in the 32 Mexican states during the 2016–2017 period. This is an ecological study that measured TCP by the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS) which assigns a score (0–100) based on the level of these component’s implementation: price, prohibition in public spaces, expenditures of public information campaigns, publicity prohibitions, health warnings, and treatments. We analyzed the associations between the TCS scores and prevalence of tobacco use extracted from the National Survey of Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption using Spearman correlations. Prevalence of daily smokers is negatively correlated with global TCS scores for adolescents (p = 0.026). Price showed similar negative correlations with daily prevalence in adolescents (p = 0.003), adults (p = 0.040), men (p < 0.006), and women (p = 0.040). Many Mexican states need to improve on tobacco control policies, especially targeting a key population: adolescents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Tobacco Control Scale, evaluation in Mexico was published in [15]: All information about evaluation in every Mexican state is available in supplementary material of this article. ENCODAT is available in https://www.gob.mx/salud%7Cconadic/acciones-y-programas/encuesta-nacional-de-consumo-de-drogas-alcohol-y-tabaco-encodat-2016-2017-136758

References

  1. Reitsma MB, Kendrick PJ, Ababneh E, et al. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Shamah-Levy T, Vielma-Orozco E, Heredia-Hernández O, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018–19. Resultados Nacionales. Primera edición. 2020.

  3. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Informe sobre el control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas, 2018 [Internet]. Washington, DC: OPS; 2018. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49237.

  4. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Convention-cadre de l’ OMS pour la lutte antitabac. Published online 2003:36.

  5. World Health Organization, Research for International Tobacco Control, editors. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. 329 p.

  6. Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Wipfli H, Samet J, Regalado-Pineda J, Hernández-Ávila M. Tobacco control in Mexico: a decade of progress and challenges. Salud Publica Mex. 2019;61(3, may-jun):292. https://doi.org/10.21149/9360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Secretaria de Salud. Ley General de Salud [Internet]. DOI; 2003. Disponible en: http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgs/LGS_ref13_30jun03.pdf.

  8. Ley General para el Control del Tabaco. 20.

  9. Joossens L, Raw M. The Tobacco Control Scale: a new scale to measure country activity. Tob Control. 2006;15(3):247–53. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.015347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Feliu A, Filippidis FT, Joossens L, et al. Impact of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and quit ratios in 27 European Union countries from 2006 to 2014. Tob Control. 2019;28(1):101–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Heydari G, Talischi F, Masjedi MR, Alguomani H, Joossens L, Ghafari M. Comparison of tobacco control policies in the Eastern Mediterranean countries based on tobacco control scale scores. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(8):803–10. https://doi.org/10.26719/2012.18.8.803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Barrera-Núñez DA, Rengifo-Reina HA, López-Olmedo N, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Reynales-Shigematsu LM. Cambios en los patrones de consumo de alcohol y tabaco antes y durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Ensanut 2018 y 2020. Salud Publica Mex. 2022. https://doi.org/10.21149/12846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Thrasher JF, Swayampakala K, Arillo-Santillán E, Sebrié E, Walsemann KM, Bottai M. Differential impact of local and federal smoke-free legislation in Mexico: a longitudinal study among adult smokers. Salud Publica Mex. 2010;52(Suppl 2):S244-253. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36342010000800020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Saenz-de-Miera B, Wu DC, Essue BM, Maldonado N, Jha P, Reynales-Shigematsu LM. The distributional effects of tobacco tax increases across regions in Mexico: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2022;21(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01603-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ponce-Hernandez DJ, Sordo L, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Regidor-Poyatos E, Henares-Montiel J, Calderón-Villarreal A. Progress and challenges in tobacco control policies in Mexico, 2003–2017: An approach using the Tobacco Control Scale. J Public Health Policy. 2022;43(3):431–44.

  16. INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda. Published 2020. https://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/poblacion/habitantes.aspx.

  17. Índice de Progreso Social 2015 – 2022. (2023). retrieved December 10, 2023, from: mexicocomovamos.mx/indice-de-progreso-social/.

  18. Joossens L, Feliu A, Fernandez E. A report of the Association of European Cancer Leagues. 36.

  19. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Comisión Nacional contra las Adicciones, Secretaria de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016–2017: Reporte de Tabaco. INSP. Ciudad de México: SSA; 2017.

  20. Chung-Hall J, Craig L, Gravely S, Sansone N, Fong GT. Impact of the WHO FCTC over the first decade: a global evidence review prepared for the Impact Assessment Expert Group. Tob Control. 2019;28(Suppl 2):s119–28. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Boletín Oficial del Gobierno del Estado de Baja California Sur. Ley de protección a la exposición del humo de tabaco del estado de Baja California Sur. Published online 2014.

  22. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografía. Indice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor [Internet]. Consulta de Precios Promedio. 2019. Disponible en: www.inegi.org.mx/app/preciospromedio/.

  23. OECD. Purchasing power parities (PPP) [Internet]. PPP; 2019. Disponible en: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/purchasing-power-parities-ppp/indicator/english_1290ee5a-en.

  24. Díez-Izquierdo A, Balaguer A, Lidón-Moyano C, et al. Correlation between tobacco control policies and preterm births and low birth weight in Europe. Environ Res. 2018;160:547–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Urquieta JE, Hernández-Avila M, Hernández B. El consumo de tabaco y alcohol en jóvenes de zonas urbanas marginadas de México: un análisis de decisiones relacionadas. Salud pública Méx. 2006;48:s30–40. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342006000700005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Martínez Maldonado R, Pedrão LJ, Alonso Castillo MM, López García KS, Oliva Rodríguez NN. Self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy, consumption of tobacco and alcohol in secondary students from urban and rural areas of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2008;16(spe):614–20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000700018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Pesko MF, Robarts AMT. Adolescent tobacco use in urban versus rural areas of the United States: the influence of tobacco control policy environments. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(1):70–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Huesca L, Llamas L, Sobarzo H. Tobacco industry in Mexico: a general equilibrium analysis. Tob Control. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Waters HR, Sáenz de Miera B, Ross H, Reynales-Shigematsu. La Economía Del Tabaco y Los Impuestos al Tabaco En México. Unión Internacional contra la Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Respiratorias; 2010.

  30. Jiménez-Ruiz JA, Sáenz de Miera B, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Waters HR, Hernández-Avila M. The impact of taxation on tobacco consumption in Mexico. Tob Control. 2008;17(2):105–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.021030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Guerrero-López CM, Muños-Hernández JA, Sáenz de Miera-Juárez B, Reynales-Shigematsu LM. Tobacco consumption, mortality and fiscal policy in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex. 2013;55(Suppl 2):S276-281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Fleischer NL, Lozano P, Arillo Santillán E, Reynales Shigematsu LM, Thrasher JF. The impact of neighbourhood violence and social cohesion on smoking behaviours among a cohort of smokers in Mexico. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Huesca L, Araar A, Llamas L, Lacroix G. The impact of tobacco tax reforms on poverty in Mexico. SN Bus Econ. 2021;1(10):142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00141-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Curti D, Shang C, Chaloupka FJ, Fong GT. Tobacco taxation, illegal cigarette supply and geography: findings from the ITC Uruguay Surveys. Tob Control. 2019;28(Suppl 1):s53–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Convenio Marco de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco. Protocolo para la eliminación del comercio ilícito de productos de tabaco. Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2013. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/80881. Accessed 9 Nov 2021.

  36. Hawkins SS, Bach N, Baum CF. Impact of tobacco control policies on adolescent smokeless tobacco and cigar use: a difference-in-differences approach. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5063-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Oksuz E, Mutlu ET, Malhan S. Characteristics of daily and occasional smoking among youths. Public Health. 2007;121(5):349–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.12.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Shang C, Huang J, Li Q. J Chaloupka F, 1 Health Policy Center I for HR and P. The Association between Point-of-Sale Advertising Bans and Youth Experimental Smoking: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). AIMS Public Health. 2015;2(4):832–44. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Paz-Ballesteros WC, Zavala-Arciniega L, Gutiérrez-Torres DS, Ponciano-Rodríguez G, Reynales-Shigematsu LM. Evaluación de la dependencia física y psicológica al tabaco en fumadores mexicanos adultos, Encodat 2016. Salud Publica Mex. 2019;61(2, Mar-Abr):136. https://doi.org/10.21149/9858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cabriales JA, Cooper TV, Hernandez N, Law J. Psychographic characteristics, tobacco, and alcohol use in a sample of young adults on the U.S./México border. Addict Behav. 2016;63:12–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Basto-Abreu AC, Christine PJ, Zepeda-Tello R, et al. Behaviours and opinions towards outdoor smoking bans and cigarette littering in Baja California, Mexico. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(3):309–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czv059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Bardach A, Alcaraz A, Roberti J, Ciapponi A, Augustovski F, Pichon-Riviere A. Optimizing tobacco advertising bans in seven Latin American countries: microsimulation modeling of health and financial impact to inform evidence-based policy. IJERPH. 2021;18(10):5078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Madrazo-Lajous A, Guerrero-Alcántara Á. Estrategias de la industria tabacalera en México para interferir en las políticas de control del tabaco. Salud pública Méx. 2012;54(3):315–22. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342012000300014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Feliu A, Fernández E, Baena A, Joossens L, Peruga A, Fu M, et al. The Tobacco Control Scale as a research tool to measure country-level tobacco control policy implementation. Tob Induc Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.18332/TID/128318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Martínez-Sánchez JM, Blanch C, Fu M, Gallus S, La Vecchia C, Fernández E. Do smoke-free policies in work and public places increase smoking in private venues?: Table 1. Tob Control. 2014;23(3):204–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Schaap MM, Kunst AE, Leinsalu M, et al. Effect of nationwide tobacco control policies on smoking cessation in high and low educated groups in 18 European countries. Tob Control. 2008;17(4):248–55. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.024265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work reflects the collaboration of the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica de Mexico and the Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Funding

No funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, P/ Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Delta Jeazul Ponce-Hernández, Enrique Regidor & Luis Sordo

  2. Department of Statistics, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

    Joel Antonio Martínez-Regalado

  3. Department of Tobacco Prevention and Control, Population Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

    Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu

  4. University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, USA

    Alhelí Calderón-Villarreal

  5. San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, USA

    Alhelí Calderón-Villarreal

  6. CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

    Enrique Regidor & Luis Sordo

  7. Health Research Institute, Hospital Clínico de San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain

    Enrique Regidor & Luis Sordo

  8. Statistics National Institute, Madrid, Spain

    Lidia Herrero

Authors
  1. Delta Jeazul Ponce-Hernández
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joel Antonio Martínez-Regalado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alhelí Calderón-Villarreal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Enrique Regidor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lidia Herrero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Luis Sordo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luis Sordo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 49 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ponce-Hernández, D.J., Martínez-Regalado, J.A., Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. et al. Correlation between tobacco control policies and tobacco prevention in Mexico: a sub-national analysis. J Public Health Pol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-024-00473-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-024-00473-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation