Skip to main content
Log in

Translating public diplomacy and nation branding in Scandinavia: An institutional approach to the cartoon crises

  • Published:
Place Branding and Public Diplomacy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nation branding has been criticised for leading to the homogenisation and depoliticisation of national interest and identity. This study examines the politics of nation branding in relation to its configuration with public diplomacy and the institutional policy context in which they are embedded. Informed by Scandinavian institutionalism and the analytical concept of translation, the study reveals that the way that nation branding relates to public diplomacy within an institutional context sets the frame for its politicisation. Translation enables the understanding of nation branding as a dynamic process of becoming that unfolds in relation to time and place. The research contributes to a more nuanced view on nation branding in presenting its toolbox practices as less determined by a corporate marketing logic. Despite the uniformity that allegedly characterises nation branding practices, the processes by which nation branding initiatives are implemented in Scandinavia are found to differ profoundly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anholt Nation Brands Index (2006). Special Report. Denmark’s International Image. Q1 2006.

  • Anholt, S. (2006) Public diplomacy and place branding: Where’s the link? Place Branding 2: 271–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anholt, S. (2007) Competitive Identity. The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronczyk, M. (2013) Branding the Nation: The Global Business of National Identity. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Billger, O. (2006) Laila Freivalds avgår. Svenska Dagbladet, http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/laila-freivalds-avgar_302444.svd, accessed 21 March 2006.

  • Boxenbaum, E. (2006) Lost in translation. The making of Danish diversity management. American Behavioral Scientist 49: 939–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boxenbaum, E. and Jonsson, S. (2008) Isomophism, Diffusion and Decoupling. In: R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin, and R. Suddaby (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism. London: Sage, pp. 78–98.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brunsson, N. (2003) Organized hypocrisy. In: B. Czarniawska and G. Sevón (eds.) Northern Lights: Organization Theory in Scandinavia. Oslo: Liber Copenhagen Business Press, pp. 201–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callon, M. (1999) The role of lay people in the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge. Science, Technology and Society 4: 81–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2008) The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616(1): 78–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, N.F. (2009) Grænseløs kulturudveksling: Det Danske Kulturinstitut i 70 år. København: Det Danske Kulturinstitut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croneman, J. (2015) Det svaga stödet för Lars Vilks beror delvis på ett aggressivt Kultursverige. Dagens Nyheter, http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/kronikor/johan-croneman-det-svaga-stodet-for-lars-vilks-beror-delvis-pa-ett-aggressivt-kultursverige/, accessed 17 February 2015.

  • Czarniawska, B. and Sevón, G. (1996) Introduction. In B. Czarniawska and G. Sevón (eds.) Translating Organizational Change. Berlin: DeGruyter, pp. 1–17.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Czarniawska, B. (2004) On time, space and action nets. Organization 11 (6): 777–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czarniawska, B. and Sevón, G. (2005) Global Ideas. How Ideas, Objects and Practices Travel in the Global Economy. Malmo: Liber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danish Broadcasting Corporation. (2006) Former foreign minister Ellemann-Jensen in the talkshow ‘Debatten’. DR2. 16 February 2006.

  • Danish Broadcasting Cooperation. (2013) Per Stig Møller og Muhammedkrisen [Per Stig Møller and the Cartoon Affair, https://www.dr.dk/tv/se/per-stig-moeller/per-stig-moeller-om-krig-fred-og-muhammedkrise-1-3, accessed 3 March 2013.

  • Danish Government. (2006) Progress, innovation and security - Strategy for Denmark in the Global Economy. Copenhagen: Government.

  • Danish Government (2007) Action Plan for the Global Marketing of Denmark. Copenhagen: Ministry for Economic and Business Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P.J. (1983) State expansion and organization fields. In: R.H. Hall and R.E. Quinn (eds.) Organization Theory and Public Policy. Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 147–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell W.W. (1983) The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review 48: 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzenovska, D. (2005) Remaking the nation of Latvia: Anthropological perspectives on nation branding. Place Branding 1(2): 173–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elgstrom, O., Jerneck, M. (2000) From adaptation to foreign policy activism: Sweden as a promoter of peace?. In A. M. Kocowicz, Y. Bar-Siman-Tov, O. Elgstrom, M. Jerneck (eds.) Stable Peace among Nations. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 179–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Mahdi, J. (2007) Reinfeldt och fredsagenterna parerade Vilks-krisen briljant, Svenska Dagbladet, http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/reinfeldt-och-fredsagenterna-parerade-vilks-krisen-briljant_289062.svd, accessed 7 October 2007.

  • Fan, Y. (2006) Branding the nation: What is being branded? Journal of Vacation Marketing 12(1): 5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hellström, A., and Hervik, P. (2011) Feeding”the beast”: Nourishing nativist appeals in Sweden and Denmark, Aalborg: Aalborg Universitet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildeman, Per-Axel (1995) Upplysningsvis: Svenska institutet 1945-1995. Stockholm: Svenska institutet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holender, R., Svahn, C. (2006) Muhammedteckningar borta efter Säposamtal. Dagens Nyheter, http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/muhammedteckningar-borta-efter-saposamtal/, accessed 10 February 2006.

  • Holm, H.H. (2002) Danish foreign policy activism: The rise and decline. In: H. Bertel and H. Mouritzen (eds.) Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2002. Copenhagen: DUPI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, S. C. (2008) Designer nations: Neo-liberal nation branding: Brand Estonia. Social Identities 14(1): 121–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneva, N. (2007) Meet the “new” Europeans: EU accession and the branding of Bulgaria. Advertising & Society Review 4(8).

  • Kaneva, N. (2011) Nation branding: Toward an agenda for critical research. International Journal of Communication 5: 117–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnborg, U. (2010) Lars Vilks röjer en svensk konsenus kultur. Dagens Nyheter, http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/kronikor/ulrika-karnborg-lars-vilks-rojer-en-svensk-konsensuskultur/, accessed 25 March 2010.

  • Kavaratzis, M. (2005) Place branding: A review of trends and conceptual models. The Marketing Review 5(4): 329–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, T. R. (2014) Kampen om Danmarks omdømme 1945-2010. Omdømmearbejde og omdømmepolitik. Økonomi & Politik 4(87): 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1986) The Powers of Association. In J. Law (ed.) Power, Action and Belief. A New Sociology of Knowledge? London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 264–280.

  • Latour, B. (1987) Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lending, M. (2000) Oppbrudd og fornyelse Norsk utenrikskulturell politikk 2001-2005 (January 2000), https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumenter/oppbrudd-og-fornyelse/id105583/, accessed 25 March 2015.

  • Leonard, M. and Small, A. (2003) Norwegian Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, R. (2006) Cartoon crisis will not damage Danes. Marketing Week 29: 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letter from ambassadors. Letter to Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen from 11 ambassadors, http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/brev-fra-11-ambassadoerer-til-statsministeranders-fogh-rasmussen-samt-anders-fogh-rasmussens-svar/ accessed 12 October 2005.

  • Lundberg. L-O. (2005) Images of Sweden abroad. [Bilder av Sverige i utlandet: en studie om förändringar, nuläge och mätmetoder]. Stockholm: Regeringskansliet, Nämnden för Sverigefrämjande i utlandet (NSU).

  • Magnusson, E. (2006) Freivalds avvärjde svensk Mohammed kris. Sydsvenska Dagbladet, http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sverige/freivalds-avvarjde-svensk-muhammedkris/ 23 October 2006.

  • Melissen, J. (2005) The New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Meyer, J. W. and Rowan, B. (1977) Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology 83(2): 340–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J.W., Scott, W.R., Cole, S. and Intili, J.-A.K. (1978) Instructional dissensus and institutional consensus in schools. In M.W. Meyer (ed.) Environments and Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 233–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (2006a) Challenges of Globalisation. Opening Remarks by the Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr. Per Stig Møller First Meeting of the Advisory Board on Globalisation. Copenhagen 31 March 2006.

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (2006b) The Borderless World: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Globalization. Copenhagen, October 2006.

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (2009) Denmark in dialogue with the world: Danish public diplomacy in practice [Danmark i dialog med verden: meksempler på dansk public diplomacy i praksis]. Public Diplomacy and Communication, pp. 1–33.

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden. (2006) Public announcement by Laila Freivalds, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/07/61/49/5566210b.pdf, accessed February 2006.

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden. (2007) Sweden in foreign news media (August-September 2007), http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8898/a/91567, accessed 20 February 2015.

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden. (2015) The council for the promotion of Sweden abroad. [Nämnden för Sverigefrämjande i utlandet], http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/3028/a/146544, accessed 20 February 2015.

  • Norwegian_Government. (2006) Omdømmeutvalgets Sluttrapport. Nyskapende i samspill med naturen. O. Utenriksdepartementet, Omdømmeutvalget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, E. K. (2013) Public diplomacy as a crisis communication tool. Journal of International Communication 19(2), 219–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pamment, J. (2012) What became of the new public diplomacy? Recent developments in British, US and Swedish public diplomacy polcity and evaluation methods. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7: 3131–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pamment, J. (2013) New Public Diplomacy in the 21st century: A Comparative Study of Policy and Practice. Routledge New Diplomacy Studies. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamment, J. (2014a) Articulating influence: Toward a research agenda for interpreting the evaluation of soft power, public diplomacy and nation brands. Public Relations Review 40(1): 50–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pamment, J. (2014b) Book review of ‘Branding the nation’. International Journal of Communication 8: 1803–1806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, R. B. (2012) Danish foreign policy activism: Differences in kind or degree? Cooperation and Conflict 47(3): 331–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, N. (2006) Dansk Udenrigspolitisk historie 6: Europæisk og globalt engagement 1973–2006. Oslo: Gyldendal.

  • Powell, W.W. (1988) Institutional effects on organizational structure and performance. In: L.G. Zucker (ed.) Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, pp. 115–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusson, A.F. (2005) Response letter to the 11 ambassadors by Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen, http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/brev-fra-11-ambassadoerer-til-statsminister-anders-foghrasmussen-samt-anders-fogh-rasmussens-svar/ accessed 21 October 2005.

  • Rasmusson, A.F. (2007) Response to question S 3707 from parliament regarding the Cartoon Crisis [Svar på § 20-spørgsmål S 3707 Om Muhammedkrisen]. Prime Minister’s Office. Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R. K. (2014) Nation branding in practice. An analysis of the Danish government administration’s interpretation and organization of the “Action Plan for the Global Marketing of Denmark 2007-2010″. PhD Thesis Odense, University of Southern Denmark. Department of Language and Communication.

  • Sahlin-Andersson, K. (1996) Imitating by editing success: The construction of organizational fields. In B. Czarniawska and G. Sevón (Eds.), Translating Organizational Change. New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 69–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Star, S. L. (2010) This is not a boundary object: Reflections on the origin of a concept. Science, Technology & Human Values 35(5): 601–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swedish Institute and United Minds (2012) The Swedish model: The view on the relevance of the Swedish societal model in the surrounding world. Solna: åtta.45 Tryckeri AB.

  • Swedish Institute (2012) Progressive communication in practice: successful projects, engaging stories, and succinct messages, https://si.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Progressiv-kommunikation-i-praktiken.pdf.

  • Swedish Institute website. (2015), https://eng.si.se/about-si/ accessed 28 September 2015.

  • Szondi, G. (2008) Public diplomacy and nation branding: Conceptual similarities and differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Hague, Netherlands: Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations.

  • Thornton, P.H. and Ocasio, W. (1999) Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958–1990. American Journal of Sociology 105(3): 801–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TimesOnline (2006, February 15th) 70,000 gather for violent Pakistan cartoons protest, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article731005.ece, accessed 7 February 2010.

  • Van Ham, P. (2001) The rise of the brand-state: The postmodern politics of image and reputation. Foreign Affairs 8(5): 2–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J. (2006) Localising public diplomacy: The role of sub-national actors in nation branding. Place Branding 2(1): 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widler, J. (2007) Nation branding: With pride against prejudice. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3(2): 144–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wivel, A. (2013) From peacemaker to Warmonger? Explaining Denmark’s great power politics. Swiss Political Science Review 19(3): 298–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wæraas, A., and Sataøen, H.L. (2014) Trapped in conformity? Translating reputation management into practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management 30(2): 242–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cecilia Cassinger.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cassinger, C., Merkelsen, H., Eksell, J. et al. Translating public diplomacy and nation branding in Scandinavia: An institutional approach to the cartoon crises. Place Brand Public Dipl 12, 172–186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-016-0013-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-016-0013-y

Keywords

Navigation