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Contagious Laughter and the Burlesque: From the Literal to the Metaphorical

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Imagining Contagion in Early Modern Europe
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Abstract

Georges Bataille insisted on the role contagion plays in laughter, an emotional experience in which he discerns ‘the specific form of human interattraction’.1 The philosopher distinguishes between a mediated interattraction and a more immediate one, the first being linked to the presence of a ‘trigger’ (in this case the comical object), the second to the psychosociological permeability that favours ‘contagion’ or ‘sympathie’:

Les organismes semblables sont susceptibles, dans de nombreux cas, d’être traversés par des mouvements d’ensemble: ils sont en quelque sorte perméables à ces mouvements. Je n’ai d’ailleurs fait ainsi qu’énoncer en d’autres termes le principe bien connu de la contagion, ou si Ton veut encore de la sympathie, mais je l’ai fait je crois avec une précision suffisante. Si l’on admet la perméabilité à des mouvements d’ensemble, à des mouvements continus, le phénomène de la reconnaissance apparaîtra construit à partir du sentiment de perméabilité éprouvé en face d’un autre/socius.

[Like organisms, in many instances, may well experience group movements. They are somehow permeable to such movements. What is more, I have thus only stated in other terms the well-known principle of contagion, or if you still want to call it that, fellow feeling, sympathie, but I believe I have done this with sufficient precision. If one acknowledges permeability in ‘group movements’, in continuous movements, the phenomenon of recognition will appear to be constructed on the basis of the feeling of permeability experienced when confronted with an other/socius.]2

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Notes

  1. G. Bataille, ‘Attraction and Repulsion I: Tropisms, Sexuality, Laughter and Tears’, in The College of Sociology (1937–39), trans. B. Wing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), p. 107. For the philosopher, ‘contagious weeping and erotic contagion are the only things that, subsequently, will be able to deepen human communication’ (p. 109).

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  2. In this same spirit, the physician rejects the notion of ‘trembling’ that suggests a pathological agitation; he prefers the neutral term ‘movement’. See the analyses of D. Ménager, La Renaissance et le rire (Paris: PUF, 1995), p. 25; and B.-R. Vasselin, in Montaigne et l’art de sourire à la Renaissance (Paris: Nizet, 2003), pp. 281–6.

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  3. B.-R. Vasselin, in Montaigne et l’art de sourire à la Renaissance (Paris: Nizet, 2003), pp. 281–6.

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  4. R. Descartes, Traité des passions (1649; rpt Paris: Bourgois, 10/18, 1965), p. 161: ‘plusieurs ne sauraient s’abstenir de rire étant chatouillés, encore qu’ils n’y prennent point de plaisir, car l’impression de la joie et de la surprise, qui les a fait rire autrefois pour le même sujet, étant réveillée en leur fantaisie, fait que leur poumon est subitement enflé malgré eux par le sang que le cœur lui envoie.’ The Passions of the Soul, trans. and annotated by S. Voss (Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Co., 1989), p. 134: ‘Thus many cannot abstain from laughing when tickled, even though they derive no pleasure from it. For, in spite of themselves, the impression of Joy and surprise which previously made them laugh for the same reason, being awakened in their fantasy, makes their lungs suddenly swell with the blood that the heart sends there.’

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  5. Lettre à Monseigneur Odet in F. Rabelais, Œuvres complètes, ed. G. Demerson (Paris: Seuil, 1973), p. 563; The Five Books and Minor Writings, trans. W. F. Smith (London: Alexander P. Watt, 1893), 2, pp. 14–15.

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  6. Plato, The Republic, trans. D. Lee (London: Penguin Books, 1987), 388e, p. 144.

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  7. Jean Chrysostome, Commentaire sur saint Matthieu in CEuvres complètes, ed. M. Jeannin, (Paris, 1865), 7, pp. 520–1; trans. C. C.

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  8. N. Elias, The Civilizing Process, 2 vols, trans. E. Jephcott (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978).

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  9. F. de Callières, Des bons mots et des bons Contes, de leur usage, de la raillerie des Anciens et des railleurs de notre temps (Paris: Barbin, 1692), p. 17.

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  10. B. Lamy, La rhétorique ou l’art de parler (Paris, 1699), p. 367: ‘On a de la joie avec ceux qui rient. Les signes naturels des passions font impression sur ceux qui les voient, et à moins qu’ils ne fassent de la résistance, ils se laissent aller.’

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  11. On this subject, see R. Parish’s study,’Le Misanthrope: des raisonneurs aux rieurs’, French Studies, 45, 1 (January 1991) 17–35.

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  12. See N. Doiron’s article in Charles Sorel dans tous ses états, ed. E. Bury and E. van der Schueren (Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2004).

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  13. C. Sorel, De la connaissance des bons livres ou examen de plusieurs auteurs, ed. H. Béchade (1671; rpt. Geneva: Slatkine, 1981), p. 229.

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  14. See Alain Viala, Naissance de Yécrivain, Sociologie de la littérature à l’Age classique (Paris: Minuit, 1985).

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  15. Claudine Nedelec presents this text in the preamble to her work, États et Empires du burlesque (Paris: Champion, 2004), pp. 13–17.

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  16. J.-F. Marmontel, ‘Parterre’, Éléments de littérature, Œuvres complètes (Paris: Belin, 1819), 4, Part 2, p. 830.

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© 2005 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Bertrand, D. (2005). Contagious Laughter and the Burlesque: From the Literal to the Metaphorical. In: Carlin, C.L. (eds) Imagining Contagion in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522619_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522619_12

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-51974-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-230-52261-9

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