FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 347:1151-1160 October 10, 2002 Number 15 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Editorial by Zasloff, M. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background The innate immune system of human skin contains antimicrobial peptides known as cathelicidins (LL-37) and -defensins. In normal skin these peptides are negligible, but they accumulate in skin affected by inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. We compared the levels of expression of LL-37 and human -defensin 2 (HBD-2) in inflamed skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and from those with psoriasis.

Methods The expression of LL-37 and HBD-2 protein in skin-biopsy specimens from patients with psoriasis, patients with atopic dermatitis, and normal subjects was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. The amount of antimicrobial peptides in extracts of skin samples was also analyzed by immunodot blot analysis (for LL-37) and Western blot analysis (for HBD-2). Quantitative, real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used to confirm the relative expression of HBD-2 and LL-37 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the skin-biopsy specimens. These peptides were also tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the use of a colony-forming assay.

Results Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of abundant LL-37 and HBD-2 in the superficial epidermis of all patients with psoriasis. In comparison, immunostaining for these peptides was significantly decreased in acute and chronic lesions from patients with atopic dermatitis (P=0.006 and P=0.03, respectively). These results were confirmed by immunodot blot and Western blot analyses. Real-time RT-PCR showed significantly lower expression of HBD-2 mRNA and LL-37 mRNA in atopic lesions than in psoriatic lesions (P=0.009 and P=0.02, respectively). The combination of LL-37 and HBD-2 showed synergistic antimicrobial activity by effectively killing S. aureus.

Conclusions A deficiency in the expression of antimicrobial peptides may account for the susceptibility of patients with atopic dermatitis to skin infection with S. aureus.

Source Information

From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver (P.Y.O., I.S., M.B., D.Y.M.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver (M.B., D.Y.M.L.); the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and the Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, San Diego (T.O., C.B., R.L.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (T.G.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Leung at the National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Rm. K926, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Antimicrobial Peptides in the Skin
Fellermann K., Wehkamp J., Stange E. F., Gallo R. L., Leung D. Y.M., Zasloff M.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2003; 348:361-363, Jan 23, 2003. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Morioka, Y., Yamasaki, K., Leung, D., Gallo, R. L. (2008). Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibit Hyaluronan-Induced Cytokine Release and Modulate Chronic Allergic Dermatitis. J. Immunol. 181: 3915-3922 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, Z., Cherryholmes, G., Shively, J. E. (2008). Neutrophil secondary necrosis is induced by LL-37 derived from cathelicidin. J. Leukoc. Biol. 84: 780-788 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tjabringa, G., Bergers, M., van Rens, D., de Boer, R., Lamme, E., Schalkwijk, J. (2008). Development and Validation of Human Psoriatic Skin Equivalents. Am. J. Pathol. 173: 815-823 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kobayashi, M., Yoshida, T., Takeuchi, D., Jones, V. C., Shigematsu, K., Herndon, D. N., Suzuki, F. (2008). Gr-1+CD11b+ cells as an accelerator of sepsis stemming from Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection in thermally injured mice. J. Leukoc. Biol. 83: 1354-1362 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bieber, T. (2008). Atopic Dermatitis. NEJM 358: 1483-1494 [Full Text]  
• Silverberg, N., Block, S. (2008). Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in Children: Diagnosis and Current Treatment Options in the United States. CLIN PEDIATR 47: 211-219  
• Nagaoka, I., Niyonsaba, F., Tsutsumi-Ishii, Y., Tamura, H., Hirata, M. (2008). Evaluation of the effect of human {beta}-defensins on neutrophil apoptosis. Int Immunol 20: 543-553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wu, Q., Martin, R. J., LaFasto, S., Efaw, B. J., Rino, J. G., Harbeck, R. J., Chu, H. W. (2008). Toll-like Receptor 2 Down-regulation in Established Mouse Allergic Lungs Contributes to Decreased Mycoplasma Clearance. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177: 720-729 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rivas-Santiago, B., Hernandez-Pando, R., Carranza, C., Juarez, E., Contreras, J. L., Aguilar-Leon, D., Torres, M., Sada, E. (2008). Expression of Cathelicidin LL-37 during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Human Alveolar Macrophages, Monocytes, Neutrophils, and Epithelial Cells. Infect. Immun. 76: 935-941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bonness, S., Szekat, C., Novak, N., Bierbaum, G. (2008). Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Atopic Patients Revealing Presence of Similar Strains in Isolates from Children and Their Parents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 456-461 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Drake, D. R., Brogden, K. A., Dawson, D. V., Wertz, P. W. (2008). Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface. J. Lipid Res. 49: 4-11 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harder, J., Glaser, R., Schroder, J.-M. (2007). Review: Human antimicrobial proteins effectors of innate immunity. Innate Immunity 13: 317-338 [Abstract]  
• Kindrachuk, J., Paur, N., Reiman, C., Scruten, E., Napper, S. (2007). The PhoQ-Activating Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides Contributes to Antimicrobial Efficacy and Is Predictive of the Induction of Bacterial Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 4374-4381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, J., Mookherjee, N., Wee, K., Bowdish, D. M. E., Pistolic, J., Li, Y., Rehaume, L., Hancock, R. E. W. (2007). Host Defense Peptide LL-37, in Synergy with Inflammatory Mediator IL-1beta, Augments Immune Responses by Multiple Pathways. J. Immunol. 179: 7684-7691 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goitsuka, R., Chen, C.-l. H., Benyon, L., Asano, Y., Kitamura, D., Cooper, M. D. (2007). Chicken cathelicidin-B1, an antimicrobial guardian at the mucosal M cell gateway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 15063-15068 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wan, M., Sabirsh, A., Wetterholm, A., Agerberth, B., Haeggstrom, J. Z. (2007). Leukotriene B4 triggers release of the cathelicidin LL-37 from human neutrophils: novel lipid-peptide interactions in innate immune responses. FASEB J. 21: 2897-2905 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Albanesi, C., Fairchild, H. R., Madonna, S., Scarponi, C., De Pita, O., Leung, D. Y. M., Howell, M. D. (2007). IL-4 and IL-13 Negatively Regulate TNF-{alpha}- and IFN-{gamma}-Induced beta-Defensin Expression through STAT-6, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)-1, and SOCS-3. J. Immunol. 179: 984-992 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kristian, S. A., Timmer, A. M., Liu, G. Y., Lauth, X., Sal-Man, N., Rosenfeld, Y., Shai, Y., Gallo, R. L., Nizet, V. (2007). Impairment of innate immune killing mechanisms by bacteriostatic antibiotics. FASEB J. 21: 1107-1116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ardern-Jones, M. R., Black, A. P., Bateman, E. A., Ogg, G. S. (2007). Bacterial superantigen facilitates epithelial presentation of allergen to T helper 2 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 5557-5562 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Di Nardo, A., Braff, M. H., Taylor, K. R., Na, C., Granstein, R. D., McInturff, J. E., Krutzik, S., Modlin, R. L., Gallo, R. L. (2007). Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides Block Dendritic Cell TLR4 Activation and Allergic Contact Sensitization. J. Immunol. 178: 1829-1834 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cohen, B. (2007). Review of Pimecrolimus Cream 1% in Children for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. CLIN PEDIATR 46: 7-15  
• Seneviratne, S.L., Black, A.P., Jones, L., Bailey, A.S., Ogg, G.S. (2007). The role of skin-homing T cells in extrinsic atopic dermatitis. QJM 100: 19-27 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Menzies, B. E., Kenoyer, A. (2006). Signal Transduction and Nuclear Responses in Staphylococcus aureus- Induced Expression of Human {beta}-Defensin 3 in Skin Keratinocytes. Infect. Immun. 74: 6847-6854 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bachrach, G., Chaushu, G., Zigmond, M., Yefenof, E., Stabholz, A., Shapira, J., Merrick, J., Chaushu, S. (2006). Salivary LL-37 Secretion in Individuals with Down Syndrome is Normal.. J. Dent. Res. 85: 933-936 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yamasaki, K., Schauber, J., Coda, A., Lin, H., Dorschner, R. A., Schechter, N. M., Bonnart, C., Descargues, P., Hovnanian, A., Gallo, R. L. (2006). Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. FASEB J. 20: 2068-2080 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Haar, S. F., Hiemstra, P. S., van Steenbergen, M. T. J. M., Everts, V., Beertsen, W. (2006). Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Derived Serine Proteinases in Defense against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Infect. Immun. 74: 5284-5291 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Barlow, P. G., Li, Y., Wilkinson, T. S., Bowdish, D. M. E., Lau, Y. E., Cosseau, C., Haslett, C., Simpson, A. J., Hancock, R. E. W., Davidson, D. J. (2006). The human cationic host defense peptide LL-37 mediates contrasting effects on apoptotic pathways in different primary cells of the innate immune system. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 509-520 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beisswenger, C., Kandler, K., Hess, C., Garn, H., Felgentreff, K., Wegmann, M., Renz, H., Vogelmeier, C., Bals, R. (2006). Allergic Airway Inflammation Inhibits Pulmonary Antibacterial Host Defense. J. Immunol. 177: 1833-1837 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thwaite, J. E., Hibbs, S., Titball, R. W., Atkins, T. P. (2006). Proteolytic Degradation of Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 by Bacillus anthracis May Contribute to Virulence.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 2316-2322 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Edfeldt, K., Agerberth, B., Rottenberg, M. E., Gudmundsson, G. H., Wang, X.-B., Mandal, K., Xu, Q., Yan, Z.-q. (2006). Involvement of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Human Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 26: 1551-1557 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huang, L. C., Petkova, T. D., Reins, R. Y., Proske, R. J., McDermott, A. M. (2006). Multifunctional Roles of Human Cathelicidin (LL-37) at the Ocular Surface.. IOVS 47: 2369-2380 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lau, Y. E., Bowdish, D. M. E., Cosseau, C., Hancock, R. E. W., Davidson, D. J. (2006). Apoptosis of Airway Epithelial Cells: Human Serum Sensitive Induction by the Cathelicidin LL-37. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 34: 399-409 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baechle, D., Flad, T., Cansier, A., Steffen, H., Schittek, B., Tolson, J., Herrmann, T., Dihazi, H., Beck, A., Mueller, G. A., Mueller, M., Stevanovic, S., Garbe, C., Mueller, C. A., Kalbacher, H. (2006). Cathepsin D Is Present in Human Eccrine Sweat and Involved in the Postsecretory Processing of the Antimicrobial Peptide DCD-1L. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 5406-5415 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xiao, Y., Cai, Y., Bommineni, Y. R., Fernando, S. C., Prakash, O., Gilliland, S. E., Zhang, G. (2006). Identification and Functional Characterization of Three Chicken Cathelicidins with Potent Antimicrobial Activity. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 2858-2867 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Voss, E., Wehkamp, J., Wehkamp, K., Stange, E. F., Schroder, J. M., Harder, J. (2006). NOD2/CARD15 Mediates Induction of the Antimicrobial Peptide Human Beta-defensin-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 2005-2011 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dorschner, R. A., Lopez-Garcia, B., Peschel, A., Kraus, D., Morikawa, K., Nizet, V., Gallo, R. L. (2006). The mammalian ionic environment dictates microbial susceptibility to antimicrobial defense peptides. FASEB J. 20: 35-42 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Savinko, T., Lauerma, A., Lehtimaki, S., Gombert, M., Majuri, M.-L., Fyhrquist-Vanni, N., Dieu-Nosjean, M.-C., Kemeny, L., Wolff, H., Homey, B., Alenius, H. (2005). Topical Superantigen Exposure Induces Epidermal Accumulation of CD8+ T Cells, a Mixed Th1/Th2-Type Dermatitis and Vigorous Production of IgE Antibodies in the Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis. J. Immunol. 175: 8320-8326 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, H., Gupta, D., Li, X., Dziarski, R. (2005). Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 (N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-Ala Amidase) Is Induced in Keratinocytes by Bacteria through the p38 Kinase Pathway. Infect. Immun. 73: 7216-7225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Takahashi, N., Akahoshi, M., Matsuda, A., Ebe, K., Inomata, N., Obara, K., Hirota, T., Nakashima, K., Shimizu, M., Tamari, M., Doi, S., Miyatake, A., Enomoto, T., Nakashima, H., Ikezawa, Z., Shirakawa, T. (2005). Association of the IL12RB1 promoter polymorphisms with increased risk of atopic dermatitis and other allergic phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet 14: 3149-3159 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Braff, M. H., Zaiou, M., Fierer, J., Nizet, V., Gallo, R. L. (2005). Keratinocyte Production of Cathelicidin Provides Direct Activity against Bacterial Skin Pathogens. Infect. Immun. 73: 6771-6781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tokumaru, S., Sayama, K., Shirakata, Y., Komatsuzawa, H., Ouhara, K., Hanakawa, Y., Yahata, Y., Dai, X., Tohyama, M., Nagai, H., Yang, L., Higashiyama, S., Yoshimura, A., Sugai, M., Hashimoto, K. (2005). Induction of Keratinocyte Migration via Transactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37. J. Immunol. 175: 4662-4668 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nagaoka, I., Okumura, K., Ogawa, H. (2005). The Human {beta}-Defensins (-1, -2, -3, -4) and Cathelicidin LL-37 Induce IL-18 Secretion through p38 and ERK MAPK Activation in Primary Human Keratinocytes. J. Immunol. 175: 1776-1784 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gombart, A. F., Borregaard, N., Koeffler, H. P. (2005). Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 19: 1067-1077 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rieg, S., Steffen, H., Seeber, S., Humeny, A., Kalbacher, H., Dietz, K., Garbe, C., Schittek, B. (2005). Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo. J. Immunol. 174: 8003-8010 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nagai, A., Sato, T., Akimoto, N., Ito, A., Sumida, M. (2005). Isolation and Identification of Histone H3 Protein Enriched in Microvesicles Secreted from Cultured Sebocytes. Endocrinology 146: 2593-2601 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, L. S., Sorensen, O. E., Liu, P. T., Jalian, H. R., Eshtiaghpour, D., Behmanesh, B. E., Chung, W., Starner, T. D., Kim, J., Sieling, P. A., Ganz, T., Modlin, R. L. (2005). TGF-{alpha} Regulates TLR Expression and Function on Epidermal Keratinocytes. J. Immunol. 174: 6137-6143 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bowdish, D. M. E., Davidson, D. J., Scott, M. G., Hancock, R. E. W. (2005). Immunomodulatory Activities of Small Host Defense Peptides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 1727-1732 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sorensen, O. E., Thapa, D. R., Rosenthal, A., Liu, L., Roberts, A. A., Ganz, T. (2005). Differential Regulation of {beta}-Defensin Expression in Human Skin by Microbial Stimuli. J. Immunol. 174: 4870-4879 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iimura, M., Gallo, R. L., Hase, K., Miyamoto, Y., Eckmann, L., Kagnoff, M. F. (2005). Cathelicidin Mediates Innate Intestinal Defense against Colonization with Epithelial Adherent Bacterial Pathogens. J. Immunol. 174: 4901-4907 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bowdish, D. M. E., Davidson, D. J., Lau, Y. E., Lee, K., Scott, M. G., Hancock, R. E. W. (2005). Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77: 451-459 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sahl, H.-G., Pag, U., Bonness, S., Wagner, S., Antcheva, N., Tossi, A. (2005). Mammalian defensins: structures and mechanism of antibiotic activity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77: 466-475 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van Wetering, S., Tjabringa, G. S., Hiemstra, P. S. (2005). Interactions between neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides and airway epithelial cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77: 444-450 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harder, J., Schroder, J.-M. (2005). Psoriatic scales: a promising source for the isolation of human skin-derived antimicrobial proteins. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77: 476-486 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Braff, M. H., Hawkins, M. A., Nardo, A. D., Lopez-Garcia, B., Howell, M. D., Wong, C., Lin, K., Streib, J. E., Dorschner, R., Leung, D. Y. M., Gallo, R. L. (2005). Structure-Function Relationships among Human Cathelicidin Peptides: Dissociation of Antimicrobial Properties from Host Immunostimulatory Activities. J. Immunol. 174: 4271-4278 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, P. H. A., Ohtake, T., Zaiou, M., Murakami, M., Rudisill, J. A., Lin, K. H., Gallo, R. L. (2005). From The Cover: Expression of an additional cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide protects against bacterial skin infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 3750-3755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sieprawska-Lupa, M., Mydel, P., Krawczyk, K., Wojcik, K., Puklo, M., Lupa, B., Suder, P., Silberring, J., Reed, M., Pohl, J., Shafer, W., McAleese, F., Foster, T., Travis, J., Potempa, J. (2004). Degradation of Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 by Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Proteinases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 4673-4679 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nordahl, E. A., Rydengard, V., Nyberg, P., Nitsche, D. P., Morgelin, M., Malmsten, M., Bjorck, L., Schmidtchen, A. (2004). Activation of the complement system generates antibacterial peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 16879-16884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Levy, O. (2004). Antimicrobial proteins and peptides: anti-infective molecules of mammalian leukocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76: 909-925 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Werthen, M., Davoudi, M., Sonesson, A., Nitsche, D. P., Morgelin, M., Blom, K., Schmidtchen, A. (2004). Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced infection and degradation of human wound fluid and skin proteins ex vivo are eradicated by a synthetic cationic polymer. J Antimicrob Chemother 54: 772-779 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• DeBoer, D. J. (2004). Canine Atopic Dermatitis: New Targets, New Therapies. J. Nutr. 134: 2056S-2061S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yan, A. C. (2004). Innate Skin Defenses: Antimicrobial Peptides May Protect the Nail Unit from Infection. AAP Grand Rounds 12: 10-11 [Full Text]  
• Murakami, M., Lopez-Garcia, B., Braff, M., Dorschner, R. A., Gallo, R. L. (2004). Postsecretory Processing Generates Multiple Cathelicidins for Enhanced Topical Antimicrobial Defense. J. Immunol. 172: 3070-3077 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rosenberger, C. M., Gallo, R. L., Finlay, B. B. (2004). Interplay between antibacterial effectors: A macrophage antimicrobial peptide impairs intracellular Salmonella replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 2422-2427 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Howell, M. D., Jones, J. F., Kisich, K. O., Streib, J. E., Gallo, R. L., Leung, D. Y. M. (2004). Selective Killing of Vaccinia Virus by LL-37: Implications for Eczema Vaccinatum. J. Immunol. 172: 1763-1767 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davidson, D. J., Currie, A. J., Reid, G. S. D., Bowdish, D. M. E., MacDonald, K. L., Ma, R. C., Hancock, R. E. W., Speert, D. P. (2004). The Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Modulates Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Dendritic Cell-Induced T Cell Polarization. J. Immunol. 172: 1146-1156 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zanetti, M. (2004). Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75: 39-48 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tjabringa, G. S., Aarbiou, J., Ninaber, D. K., Drijfhout, J. W., Sorensen, O. E., Borregaard, N., Rabe, K. F., Hiemstra, P. S. (2003). The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Activates Innate Immunity at the Airway Epithelial Surface by Transactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. J. Immunol. 171: 6690-6696 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nomura, I., Goleva, E., Howell, M. D., Hamid, Q. A., Ong, P. Y., Hall, C. F., Darst, M. A., Gao, B., Boguniewicz, M., Travers, J. B., Leung, D. Y. M. (2003). Cytokine Milieu of Atopic Dermatitis, as Compared to Psoriasis, Skin Prevents Induction of Innate Immune Response Genes. J. Immunol. 171: 3262-3269 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2003). Lucina. Arch. Dis. Child. 88: 368-368 [Full Text]  
• Di Nardo, A., Vitiello, A., Gallo, R. L. (2003). Cutting Edge: Mast Cell Antimicrobial Activity Is Mediated by Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide. J. Immunol. 170: 2274-2278 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fellermann, K., Wehkamp, J., Stange, E. F., Gallo, R. L., Leung, D. Y.M., Zasloff, M. (2003). Antimicrobial Peptides in the Skin. NEJM 348: 361-363 [Full Text]  
• Liu, L., Roberts, A. A., Ganz, T. (2003). By IL-1 Signaling, Monocyte-Derived Cells Dramatically Enhance the Epidermal Antimicrobial Response to Lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 170: 575-580 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2002). Staph'ing Problems with Atopic Dermatitis. Journal Watch Dermatology 2002: 2-2 [Full Text]  
• (2002). Skin Antimicrobial Peptides, Atopic Dermatitis, and Staph Infections. JWatch Infect. Diseases 2002: 5-5 [Full Text]  
• Zasloff, M. (2002). Antimicrobial Peptides in Health and Disease. NEJM 347: 1199-1200 [Full Text]