Mikroglia bei Schizophrenie

 

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Zusammenfassung

In der Pathophysiologie der Schizophrenie spielen die Mikrogliazellen eventuell die entscheidende Rolle. Frühe Reize in der Embryonalzeit und degenerative Veränderungen führen zu einer Mikrogliaaktivierung, die durch die neurotoxischen Eigenschaften zu einer Rarifizierung der synaptischen Verbindungen frontotemporal und zur Neuropilreduktion führen könnte. In dem inflammatorischen PolyI:C-Tiermodell der Schizophrenie konnte diese Mikrogliaaktivierung gut nachvollzogen werden, mit einem zeitlichen Höhepunkt in der späten Jugendzeit bzw. im jungen Erwachsenenalter. Wie genau die Mikrogliaaktivierung zur Neurodegeneration führt, muss weiter vertiefend untersucht werden. Das Forschungsfeld zur Rolle der Mikroglia bei der Schizophrenie ist noch jung. Die wenigen wissenschaftlichen und klinischen Arbeiten deuten darauf hin, dass die Aktivierung der Mikroglia eine Schlüsselrolle in der Pathogenese der Schizophrenie einnehmen könnten. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, diese Zusammenhänge und die entsprechenden Tiermodelle bei der Schizophrenie und ihre wesentlichen Befunde zusammenfassend darzustellen.

Summary

Within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, microglial cells seem to play the most important role. Early signals within the embryonal phase and neurodegenerative changes lead to activation of microglia cells, which – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells – induces a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, i. e. reduction of the neuropil. This microglial activation could be well modelled within the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, having a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then trigger neurodegeneration, must be investigated further on in broad detail. The research field concerning the role of microglia in patients with schizophrenia is still young. The few basic scientific and clinical studies suggest that activation of microglia cells plays a key role within the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Aim of this review article is to present this theoretical framework as well as the respective animal models of schizophrenia and their findings in a summary manner.

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