Alterung und Immunität

 

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Zusammenfassung

Das Altern ist mit einer Zunahme der Häufigkeit degenerativer Erkrankungen ebenso assoziiert wie mit dem vermehrten Auftreten von Autoimmun- und Krebserkrankungen. Die Untersuchungen der vergangenen Jahre unterstützen eindeutig die These eines Immunsystems, das einem physiologischen Alterungsprozess unterliegt. Bezeichnend für diese Immunseneszenz sind zudem Defekte in der zellulären Immunität mit resultierender vermehrter Infektanfälligkeit, dem Verlust zuvor erworbener spezifischer Immunität sowie einer verminderten Effektivität von Impfungen. Hier liegt jedoch auch die Krux: Die Unterscheidung zwischen der physiologischen Alterung einerseits und altersassoziierten Erkrankungen andererseits ist außerordentlich schwierig. Dieser Artikel wird versuchen, den Prozess der Immunseneszenz näher zu charakterisieren und auf die Veränderungen des Immunsystems einzugehen, die möglicherweise eine Rolle bei der Entwicklung von Autoimmunerkrankungen spielen. Es werden auch vielversprechende Ausblicke auf mögliche therapeutische Optionen zur Korrektur dieser Veränderungen gegeben.

Summary

Human ageing is associated with increases in the frequency of degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer and a multitude of physiological age-related changes occurring in parallel. The differentiation between physiological ageing and age-related diseases is exceedingly difficult, however, and the pathogenic mechanisms are incompletely understood, which complicates the identification of age-related changes which truly contribute to disease pathogenesis. We will try to characterize the features of immuno-senescence on a cellular and molecular level further in order to give more insight into these changes. Immunologically, the ageing immune system is characterized by features resembling autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The contribution of immunosenescence to autoimmunity as well as possible consequences of regenerative processes of the immune system will be discussed in this article.

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