Int J Sports Med 2000; 21(8): 566-572
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-12983
Physiology and Biochemistry
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Familial Aggregation of Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output During Submaximal Exercise: The HERITAGE Family Study

P. An1 , T. Rice1 , J. Gagnon2 , A. S. Leon3 , J. S. Skinner4 , C. Bouchard5 , D. C. Rao1, 6 , J. H. Wilmore7
  • 1 Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
  • 2 Physical Activity Sciences Laboratory, Laval University, Québec, Canada
  • 3 School of Kinesiology and Leisure Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
  • 4 Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
  • 5 Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
  • 6 Department of Genetics and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
  • 7 Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 December 2000 (online)

Familial aggregation of stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Qc by CO2 rebreathing) at 50 Watts (W) and 60 % of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) as well as their changes in response to a 20-week endurance exercise training program was assessed in 99 Caucasian families who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study. In order to interpret familial influences independent of effects of age, sex, and body size (indexed by body surface area here), SV and Qc levels were adjusted for these primary parameters prior to genetic analysis within four sex-by-generation groups (the responses to training were additionally adjusted for their baseline values). Maximal heritabilities for baseline SV, Qc, and their changes in response to training during the two stages of submaximal exercise were estimated using a familial correlation model. At 50 W, maximal heritabilities reached 41 % and 42 % for baseline SV and Qc, respectively, and were 29 % and 38 % for the respective responses to training. At 60 % of V˙O2max, maximal heritabilities reached 46 % for baseline SV and Qc, and were 24 % and 30 % for the respective responses to training. Generally there were no meaningful differences between the maximal heritabilities at 50 W and 60 % of V˙O2max. However, the maximal heritabilities for the baseline were slightly higher than the estimates for the changes in response to training. Based upon results arising from these non-obese, non-hypertensive, and sedentary families, we found that SV and Qc at 50 W and 60 % of V˙O2max as well as their changes in response to the 20-week endurance exercise training were moderately heritable. Not only genetic determinants but also familial non-genetic factors might attribute to the observed patterns of familial aggregation of SV and Qc during submaximal exercise in the present study.

References

  • 1 Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification.  IEEE Trans Automat Control. 1974;  19 716-723
  • 2 An P, Rice T, Gagnon J, Borecki I B, Pérusse L, Leon A S, Skinner J S, Wilmore J H, Bouchard C, Rao D C. Familial aggregation of resting blood pressure and heart rate in a sedentary population: The HERITAGE Family Study.  Am J Hypertens. 1999;  12 264-270
  • 3 An P, Rice T, Gagnon J, Borecki I B, Leon A S, Skinner J S, Wilmore J H, Bouchard C, Rao D C. Complex segregation analysis of resting blood pressure and heart rate measured before and after a 20-week endurance exercise training program: The HERITAGE Family Study.  American Journal of Hypertension. 2000;  13 488-497
  • 4 Blair S N, Kampert J B, Kohl H W 3rd, Barlow C E, Macera C A, Paffenbarger Jr R S, Gibbons L W. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women.  JAMA. 1996;  27 205-210
  • 5 Bouchard C, Leon A S, Rao D C, Skinner J S, Wilmore J H, Gagnon J. The HERITAGE Family Study: Aims, design and measurement protocol.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;  27 721-729
  • 6 Charlton G A, Crawford M H. Physiologic consequences of training.  Cardiology Clinics. 1997;  15 345-354
  • 7 Collier C R. Determination of mixed venous CO2 tensions by rebreathing.  J Appl Physiol. 1956;  9 25-29
  • 8 Farrel S W, Kampert J B, Kohl H W III, Barlow C E, Macera C A, Paffenbarger Jr R S, Gibbsons L W, Blair S N. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness levels and other predictors on cardiovascular disease mortality in men.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 899-905
  • 9 Haddock B L, Hopp H P, Mason J J, Blix G, Blair S N. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in postmenopausal women.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 893-898
  • 10 Haycock G B, Schwartz G J, Wisotsky D H. Geometric method for measuring body surface area: A height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults.  J Pediatr. 1978;  93 62-66
  • 11 Leon A S, An P, Rice T, Pérusse L, Gagnon J, Wilmore J H, Skinner J S, Rao D C, Bouchard C. Familial determinants of cardiovascular responsiveness to submaximal exercise in the sedentary state: The HERITAGE Family Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine submitted
  • 12 McMurray R G, Ainsworth B E, Harrell J S, Griggs T R, Williams O D. Is physical activity or aerobic power more influential on reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 1521-1529
  • 13 Pérusse L, Leblanc C, Bouchard C. Inter-generation transmission of physical fitness in the Canadian population.  Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences. 1988;  13 8-14
  • 14 Province M A, Rao D C. General purpose model and a computer program for combined segregation and path analysis (SEGPATH): Automatically creating computer programs from symbolic language model specifications.  Genet Epidemiol. 1995;  12 203-219
  • 15 Rice T, An P, Gagnon J, Leon A S, Skinner J S, Wilmore J H, Bouchard C, Rao D C. Familial aggregation of changes in resting heart rate and blood pressure in response to endurance exercise training: The HERITAGE Family Study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise submitted
  • 16 Simone G D, Devereux R B, Daniels S R, Mureddu G F, Roman M J, Kimball T R, Greco R, Witt S, Contaldo F. Stroke volume and cardiac output in normotensive children and adults: Assessment of relations with body size and impact of overweight.  Circulation. 1997;  95 1837-1843
  • 17 Singer M. Cardiac output in 1998.  Heart. 1998;  79 425-428
  • 18 Skinner J S, Wilmore K M, Jaskolska A, Jaskolski A, Daw E W, Rice T, Gagnon J, Leon A S, Wilmore J H, Rao D C, Bouchard C. Reproducibility of maximal exercise test data in the HERITAGE Family Study.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;  31 1623-1628
  • 19 Turley K R. Cardiovascular responses to exercises in children.  Sports Med. 1997;  24 241-257
  • 20 Wilmore J H, Farrell P A, Norton A C, Coté R W 3rd, Coyle E F, Ewy G A, Tempkin L P, Billing J E. An automated indirect assessment of cardiac output during rest and exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1982;  52 1493-1497
  • 21 Wilmore J H, Stanforth P R, Turley K R, Gagnon J, Daw E W, Leon A S, Rao D C, Skinner J S, Bouchard C. Reproducibility of cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to submaximal exercise: The HERITAGE Family Study.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 259-265
  • 22 Wilmore J H, Costill D L. Physiology of sport and exercise. Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics 1999 2nd edition: 277-297
  • 23 Wilmore J H, Stanforth P R, Gagnon J, Rice T, Mandel S, Leon A S, Rao D C, Skinner J S, Bouchard C. Changes in cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise consequent to 20 weeks of endurance training by race, sex and age: The HERITAGE Family Study. Journal of Applied Physiology submitted

P. An,M.D. 

Division of Biostatistics, Box 8067
Washington University School of Medicine

660 S. Euclid Avenue
Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
USA


Phone: Phone:+ 1 (314) 3623614

Fax: Fax:+ 1 (314) 3622693

Email: E-mail:anping@wubios.wustl.edu

    >