Original ArticlesTransesophageal echocardiography for cardiac surgery in children*
Section snippets
Methods
Of the approximately 100 cardiovascular operations done at this institution annually, 70% are cardiac operations for complex cardiac anomalies in children (Table 1).Cases that mainly become curative surgery in the neonatal period or early infancy CoA complex 4 Simple CoA 1 IAA complex 1 Jatene 6 PAPVC 1 TAPVC 1 VSD PH 3 Cases that mainly become curative surgery from 1 year of age onward TOF radical 4 Rastelli 3 CAVC 1 VSD 4 ASD 2 (1 case + RVOTR) Ebstein 1 Valve 2 Shunt surgery in stages BT shunt 15
Results
TEE was attempted in 90 of the approximately 200 pediatric cardiac surgery cases during the 3-year period from January 1998 to December 2000; it was possible to use TEE in 88 of them. Bradycardia was associated with insertion of the esophageal probe in 2 of the cases, and the probe was removed. In all 88 patients in whom TEE was useful, it was employed for reevaluating the preoperative diagnosis, checking for residual air in the left heart after declamping the aorta, and evaluating heart
Discussion
The role of TEE in the perioperative period is summarized in Table 3.Before cardiopulmonary bypass Confirmation of the preoperative diagnosis Diagnosis of the cause of circulatory changes (eg, circulatory changes owing to compression of the heart and great vessels, bleeding, changes in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance) While on the heart-lung machine Ensure myocardial protection (infusion of myocardial protective solution, cardiac
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2009, Ultrasound in Medicine and BiologyCitation Excerpt :Until 1990, TEE evaluation in infants and children was not possible because probes were too large (Muhiudeen et al. 1998). The development of miniaturized single- and biplane probes (from 3.3 to 9 mm diameter) generated a number of studies, which demonstrated that TEE can be performed safely in the pediatric population (Bruce et al. 2002; Andropoulus et al. 2000; Yumoto et al. 2002). A multiplane TEE probe is an obvious advantage, certainly considering the complexity of the intracardiac defects in neonates (Shiota et al.1999; Tardif et al. 1994; Yvorchuk et al. 1995).
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Address reprint requests to Miho Yumoto, MD, Departments of Anesthesiology, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]