* Corresponding authors

^a International Joint Laboratory of New Energy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
E-mail: lifatang@126.com

^b Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa

^c Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China

^d Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability (IDEAS), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida 1710, South Africa
E-mail: liux@unisa.ac.za

^e African Energy Leadership Centre, WITS Business School & Molecular Science Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa