Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of a phenothiazine-mylar dosimeter which can be used as an effective solar UVA exposure assessment tool. This dosimeter is sensitive to UVA wavelengths (315–400 nm); its performance has been characterized in a series of tests such as (a) UVA exposure response (dose-response), (b) temperature stability of the response, (c) impact of long term storage, and (d) angular response. There is no effect of long term storage post-exposure and no effect of temperature up to 30 °C. For angles up to 70°, the cosine error of the normalized UVA is less than approximately 0.1. These characterizations have confirmed the reliability and reproducibility of a phenothiazine-mylar combined dosimeter as an effective solar UVA exposure tool for field-based studies of the UVA exposures to population groups.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
CIE (international Commission on Illumination) Research Note (1987). A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, CIE J. 6, 17–22.
J. Uitto, Understanding premature skin aging, N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 33720, 1463–1465.
M. Yaar and B. A. Gilchrest, Photoaging: mechanism, prevention and therapy, Br. J. Dermatol., 2007, 157, 874–887.
P. Larsson, E. Andersson and U. Johansson, Ultraviolet A and B affect human melanocytes and kerationocytes differently. A study of oxidative alterations and apoptosis, Exp. Dermatol., 2005, 14, 117–123.
S. Q. Wang, R. Richard and M. Berwick, Ultraviolet A and melanoma: A review., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2001, 445, 837–846.
S. A. Miller, S. L. Hamilton, U. G. Wester and W. H. Cyr, An analysis of UVA emissions from sunlamps and the potential importance for melanoma, Photochem. Photobiol., 1998, 68, 63–70.
W. A. Bruls, H. van Weelden, J. C. Van Der Leun, Transmission of UV-radiation through human epidermal layers as a factor influencing the minimal erythema dose, Photochem. Photobiol., 1984, 39, 63–67.
A. V. Parisi and M. G. Kimlin, Estimate of annual ultraviolet-A exposures in cars in Australia, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 2000, 904, 409–416.
C. Tuchinda and S. Srivannaboon, Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2006, 545, 845–854.
A. J. Swerdlow and M. A. Weinstock, Do tanning lamps cause melanoma? An epidemiologic assessment, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1998, 38, 89–98.
R. S. Stern, K. T. Nichols and L. H. Vakeva, Malignant melanoma in patients treated for psoriasis with methoxsalen (psoralen) and ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA): the PUVA Follow-Up Study, N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336, 1041–1045.
B. L. Diffey, A. Davis, M. Johnson and T. R. Harrington, A dosimeter for long wave ultraviolet radiation, Br. J. Dermatol., 1977, 97, 127–130.
B. L. Diffey, T. R. Harrington, A. V. J. Challoner, A comparison of the anatomical uniformity of irradiation in two different photochemotherapy units, Br. J. Dermatol., 1978, 99, 361.
D. L. Fanselow, M. A. Pathak, M. A. Crone, D. A. Ersfeld, P. B. Raber, R. J. Trancik and M. V. Dahl, Reusable ultraviolet monitors: Design, characteristic, and efficacy, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1983, 9, 714–723.
C. F. Wong and A. V. Parisi, Measurement of UVA exposure to solar radiation, Photochem. Photobiol., 1996, 636, 807–810.
M. J. Butson, T. Cheung, P. K. Yu, D. Abbati and G. E. Greenoak, Ultraviolet radiation dosimetry with radiochromic film, Phys. Med. Biol., 2000, 45, 1863–1868.
B. L. Diffey and A. Davis, A new dosimeter for the measurement of natural ultraviolet radiation in the study of photodermatoses and drug photosensitiviey, Phys. Med. Biol., 1978, 23, 318–323.
T. J. Tate, B. L. Diffey and A. Davi, An ultraviolet radiation dosimeter based on the photosensitising drug, nalidixic acid, Photochem. Photobiol., 1980, 31, 27–30.
H. Moseley, B. L. Diffey, J. M. Marks and R. M. Mackie, Personal solar UVA doses received by patients undergoing oral psoralen photochemotherapy for psoriasis, Br. J. Dermatol., 1981, 105, 573–577.
A. V. Parisi, M. G. Kimlin, D. J. Turnbull and J. Macaranas, Potential of phenothiazine as a thin film dosimeter for UVA exposures, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2005, 4, 907–910.
A. V. Parisi and M. G. Kimlin, Dosimeter for measurement of the UVA exposures, Proc. SPIE, 2004, 5545, 63.
M. G. Kimlin, A. V. Parisi, J. M Macaranans and D. J. Turnbull, Quantitative assessment of human exposure-UVA radiation, WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ., 2005, 85, 329.
M. G. Kimlin, A. V. Parisi and J. C. Wong, Quantification of the personal UV exposure of outdoor workers, indoor workers and adolescents at two locations in southeast Queensland, Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed., 1998, 141, 7–11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jia, K., Parisi, A.V. & Kimlin, M.G. Phenothiazine UVA dosimeter: characteristics and performance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9, 1224–1227 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00094a
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00094a