Abstract
In this paper we report the determination of partitioning of coalescing agents (organic co-solvents) in water-borne latex emulsions by means of a fluorescence method. An environment-sensitive fluorescent probe1 was copolymerized viaemulsion polymerization. The presence of organic co-solvents inside the polymer particles is revealed by the photophysical properties of the probe. In particular, the position of the fluorescence emission maximum of co-polymerized 1 can be used to measure the amount of coalescing agent present in the polymer particles. The spectral shifts are shown to be due to the softening of the matrix, rather than to solvation of the probe by the added co-solvent.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. F. Routh and W. B. Russel, Deformation mechanisms during latex film formation: Experimental evidence, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2001, 40, 4302–4308.
P. A. Steward, J. Hearn and M. C. Wilkinson, An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2000, 86, 195–267.
M. Lahtinen, E. Glad, S. Koskimies, F. Sundholm and K. Rissanen, Synthesis of novel reactive coalescing agents and their application in a latex coating, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003, 87, 610–615.
B. Gharaibeh, M. Omar, A. J. Salazar and K. Saito, Fluorescence emission sensing in coatings: Method for defects detection in coated surfaces of structural elements, Prog. Org. Coat., 2007, 58, 282–289.
I. Ludwig, W. Schabel, P. Ferlin, J. C. Castaing and M. Kind, Drying, film formation and open time of aqueous polymer dispersions, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., 2009, 166, 39–43.
I. Ludwig, W. Schabel, M. Kind, J. C. Castaing and P. Ferlin, Drying and film formation of industrial waterborne latices, AIChE J., 2007, 53, 549–560.
A. Toussaint, M. DeWilde, F. Molenaar and J. Mulvihill, Calculation of T-g and MFFT depression due to added coalescing agents, Prog. Org. Coat., 1997, 30, 179–184.
S. Zohrehvand, K. te Nijenhuis, Film formation from monodisperse acrylic latices, part 4: the role of coalescing agents in the film formation process, Colloid Polym. Sci., 2005, 283, 1305–1312.
A. Toussaint and M. DeWilde, A method to predict the distribution coefficient of coalescing agents between latex particles and the water phase, Prog. Org. Coat., 1997, 30, 173–177.
S. Zohrehvand, K. te Nijenhuis, Film formation from monodisperse acrylic lattices - Part 3: Drying and ageing of acrylic latex films, Prog. Org. Coat., 2006, 55, 11–19.
S. Zohrehvand, K. te Nijenhuis, Film formation from monodisperse acrylic latices - 5. Drying and ageing in coalescing agent containing latex films, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2005, 288, 75–82.
A. Du Chesne, A. Bojkova, J. Gapinski, D. Seip and P. Fischer, Film formation and redispersion of waterborne latex coatings, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2000, 224, 91–98.
A. Turshatov, J. Adams and D. Johannsmann, Interparticle contact in drying polymer dispersions probed by time resolved fluorescence, Macromolecules, 2008, 41, 5365–5372.
S. Ugur, A. Alemdar and O. Pekcan, Films formed from polystyrene latex/clay composites: A fluorescence study, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 2005, 2, 565–575.
L. H. Chen, D. W. McBranch, H. L. Wang, R. Helgeson, F. Wudl and D. G. Whitten, Highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors based on reversible fluorescence quenching in a conjugated polymer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1999, 96, 12287–12292.
K. Korn, P. Gardellin, B. Liao, M. Amacker, A. Bergstrom, H. Bjorkman, A. Camacho, S. Dorhofer, K. Dorre, J. Enstrom, T. Ericson, T. Favez, M. Gosch, A. Honegger, S. Jaccoud, M. Lapczyna, E. Litborn, P. Thyberg, H. Winter and R. Rigler, Gene expression analysis using single molecule detection, Nucleic Acids Res., 2003, 31, e89.
A. Levina, A. Mitra and P. A. Lay, Recent developments in ruthenium anticancer drugs, Metallomics, 2009, 1, 458–470.
L. Marcu, J. A. Jo, Q. Y. Fang, T. Papaioannou, T. Reil, J. H. Qiao, J. D. Baker, J. A. Freischlag and M. C. Fishbein, Detection of rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Atherosclerosis, 2009, 204, 156–164.
V. A. Sineshchekov, O. B. Ogorodnikova and J. L. Weller, Fluorescence and photochemical properties of phytochromes A and B in etiolated pea seedlings, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 1999, 49, 204–211.
H. L. Wang, D. W. McBranch, R. J. Donohoe, S. Xu, B. Kraabel, L. H. Chen, D. Whitten, R. Helgeson and F. Wudl, Highly efficient energy and charge transfer in thin self-assembled multilayered polymer films, Synth. Met., 2001, 121, 1367–1368.
C. Xie, C. Q. Dong and J. C. Ren, Study on homogeneous competitive immune reaction by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: Using synthetic peptide as antigen, Talanta, 2009, 79, 971–974.
N. Felorzabihi, P. Froimowicz, J. C. Haley, G. R. Bardajee, B. X. Li, E. Bovero, F. van Veggel and M. A. Winnik, Determination of the Forster Distance in Polymer Films by Fluorescence Decay for Donor Dyes with a Nonexponential Decay Profile, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2009, 113, 2262–2272.
O. Pekcan, D. Kaya and M. Erdogan, Fluorescence quenching method for measuring monomer consumption rates during free-radical crosslinking copolymerization, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001, 80, 1907–1913.
Y. Yilmaz, Y. Yagci and O. Pekcan, Fluorescence technique to study free-radical polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene, J. Macromol. Sci., Part A: Pure Appl. Chem., 2001, 38, 741–749.
O. Pekcan, S. Ugur and Y. Yilmaz, Real-time monitoring of swelling and dissolution of poly(methyl methacrylate) discs using fluorescence probes, Polymer, 1997, 38, 2183–2189.
J. M. Warman, R. D. Abellon, L. H. Luthjens, J. W. A. Suykerbuyk, H. J. Verhey and J. W. Verhoeven, In situ monitoring of the radiation-induced polymerisation of methylmethacrylate using fluorogenic molecular probes, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 1999, 151, 361–366.
O. Pekcan and D. Kaya, Fast transient fluorescence (FTRF) technique for monitoring free-radical crosslinking copolymerization (FCC) of styrene (S) with various divinylbenzene (DVB) contents, Polymer, 2001, 42, 7865–7871.
D. I. Lee, The effects of latex coalescence and interfacial crosslinking on the mechanical properties of latex films, Polymer, 2005, 46, 1287–1293.
F. Dobler, T. Pith, M. Lambla and Y. Holl, Coalescence mechanism of polymer colloids. 1. Coalescence under the influence of particle water interfacial-tension, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1992, 152, 1–11.
E. Arda and O. Pekcan, Time and temperature dependence of void closure, healing and interdiffusion during latex film formation, Polymer, 2001, 42, 7419–7428.
O. Pekcan and E. Arda, Void closure and interdiffusion in latex film formation by photon transmission and fluorescence methods, Colloids Surf., A, 1999, 153, 537–549.
J. P. Tomba, D. Portinha, W. F. Schroeder, M. A. Winnik and W. Lau, Polymer diffusion in high-M/low-M hard-soft latex blends, Colloid Polym. Sci., 2009, 287, 367–378.
M. Goes, M. de Groot, M. Koeberg, J. W. Verhoeven, N. R. Lokan, M. J. Shephard, M. N. Paddon-Row, Temperature dependence of charge-transfer fluorescence from extended and U-shaped donor–bridge–acceptor systems in glass-forming solvents, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 2129–2134.
L. W. Jenneskens, H. J. van Ramesdonk, H. J. Verhey, G. D. B. van Houwelingen and J. W. Verhoeven, Discrimination between polarity and mobility effects on the charge-transfer fluorescence of fluoroprobe in organic matrices, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1989, 108, 453–454.
L. W. Jenneskens, H. J. Verhey, H. J. van Ramesdonk, A. J. Witteveen and J. W. Verhoeven, Intramolecular charge-transfer fluorescence of 1-phenyl-4-[(4-cyano-1-naphthyl)methylene]piperidine as a morphology probe in alpha,omega-diacetyl poly(ethylene glycol) matrices, Macromolecules, 1991, 24, 4038–4040.
H. J. Verhey, C. H. W. Bekker, J. W. Verhoeven, L. G. J. van der Ven and J. W. Hofstraat, Crosslinking and drying of a two-component waterborne coating monitored by a functionalized charge-transfer fluorescence probe, Polymer, 1997, 38, 4491–4497.
J. W. Hofstraat, J. Veurink, B. Gebben, H. J. Verheij and J. W. Verhoeven, Charge-transfer fluorescent probes applied to the characterization of thermal and mechanical properties of polymers, J. Fluoresc., 1998, 8, 335–342.
J. W. Hofstraat, H. J. Verhey, J. W. Verhoeven, M. U. Kumke, G. Li, S. L. Hemmingsen and L. B. McGown, Fluorescence lifetime studies of labelled polystyrene latices, Polymer, 1997, 38, 2899–2906.
M. Goes, X. Y. Lauteslager, J. W. Verhoeven and J. W. Hofstraat, A blue excitable charge-transfer fluorescent probe and its fluorogenic derivative, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 1998, 2373–2377.
T. G. Fox and P. J. Flory, Second-Order Transition temperatures and Related Properties of Polystyrene. I. Influence of Molecular Weight, J. Appl. Phys., 1950, 21, 581–591.
X. Y. Lauteslager, I. H. M. van Stokkum, H. J. van Ramesdonk, A. M. Brouwer and J. W. Verhoeven, Conformational dynamics of semiflexibly bridged donor–acceptor systems studied with a streak camera and spectrotemporal parametrization of fluorescence, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 653–659.
W. H. Melhuish, Quantum efficiencies of fluorescence of organic substances: effect of solvent and concentration of the fluorescent solute, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1961, 21, 229–235.
G. F. Mes, B. de Jong, H. J. van Ramesdonk, J. W. Verhoeven, J. M. Warman, M. P. de Haas, L. E. W. Horsman-van den Dool, Excited-state dipole-moment and solvatochromism of highly fluorescent rod-shaped bichromophoric molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6524–6528.
R. M. Hermant, N. A. C. Bakker, T. Scherer, B. Krijnen and J. W. Verhoeven, Systematic study of a series of highly fluorescent rod-shaped donor–acceptor systems, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 1214–1221.
T. Scherer, W. Hielkema, B. Krijnen, R. M. Hermant, C. Eijckelhoff, F. Kerkhof, A. K. F. Ng, R. Verleg, E. B. van der Tol, A. M. Brouwer and J. W. Verhoeven, Synthesis and exploratory photophysical investigation of donor bridge acceptor systems derived from N-substituted 4-piperidones, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1993, 112, 535–548.
J. M. Warman, R. D. Abellon, H. J. Verhey, J. W. Verhoeven and J. W. Hofstraat, Maleimido-fluoroprobe: A dual-purpose fluorogenic probe of polymerization dynamics, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101, 4913–4916.
H. J. Verhey, C. H. W. Bekker, J. W. Verhoeven and J. W. Hofstraat, A fluorogenic charge-transfer polarity probe for the derivatization of thiols and amines, New J. Chem, 1996, 20, 809–814.
J. W. Verhoeven, in Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, ed. C. D. Geddes and J. R. Lakowicz, Springer, New York, 2005.
M. Bixon, J. Jortner and J. W. Verhoeven, Lifetimes for radiative charge recombination in donor–acceptor molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 7349–7355.
J. R. Siekierzycka, C. W. Hippius, R. M. Williams and A. M. Brouwer, Polymer glass transitions switch electron transfer in individual molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 1240–1242.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published as part of a themed issue in appreciation of the many important contributions made to the field of molecular photophysics by Jan Verhoeven.
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Emulsion polymerization recipes; physical characteristics of the coalescing agents; full details of the steady-state fluorescence spectra; time-resolved fluorescence of neat (non-labeled) hydrophobic S/2-EA and hydrophilic MMA/EA latices. See DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00065e
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raja, T.N., Brouwer, A.M., Biemans, K. et al. Detection of coalescing agents in water-borne latex emulsions using an environment sensitive fluorescent probe. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9, 975–984 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00065e
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00065e