Issue 22, 2010

Substituent-dependent structures and catalysis of benzimidazole-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of Ag(i), Ni(ii) and Pd(ii)

Abstract

Homoleptic cationic benzimidazole-imidazolin-2-ylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC = L) complexes of NiII and PdII have been prepared directly from the ligand precursor in salt form [H.L]Cl and from the transmetallation route via AgI. The N-tether of the imidazolinylidene ring imposes a significant influence on the nuclearity of the intermediate Ag(I)-NHC complexes and the geometric isomer outcome of the d8 products. Use of a benzyl-substituted NHC gives [Ag4(LBn)2Cl4], 2a (from [HLBn]Cl, 1a, and Ag2O) (Bn = benzyl), which shows an alignment of four silver atoms bridged by the difunctional C–N ligands and chlorides. Its transmetallation with NiCl2(PPh3)4 and PdCl2(MeCN)2 results in double-metal salts 2[M(LBn)2]2+[Ag4Cl8]4 (M = Ni (3a) and Pd (4a)). The nuclearity of the Ag4 aggregate is maintained in the transmetallation process. Their Ag-free forms [M(LBn)2]Cl2 (M = Ni (5) and Pd (6)) were prepared by direct deprotonation of 1a with M(OAc)2. The two carbenic carbon donor are cis- to each other in both 3a and 4a, thus imposing the weaker σ-benzimidazole nitrogen donor to be trans to them. A sterically demanding mesityl pendant however gives the dinuclear dissymmetic [Ag2(LMes)2Cl2], 2b (Mes = mesityl) that shows a 12-membered metallomacrocyclic ring with a 2-coordinated [AgI(NHC)2] and 4-coordinated [AgI(Imd)2Cl2] (Imd = imidazole). Transmetallation of the latter, or direct metallation from [HLMes]Cl, 1b, gives [M(LMes)2]Cl2 (M = Ni (3b) and Pd (4b)) with the two carbonic carbon trans to each other. The catalytic potential of 3b and 4b, which are more effective than 5 and 6, has been demonstrated by their high activities in Ni-catalyzed Kumada at room temperature and Pd-catalyzed Heck couplings of aryl and/or heteroaryl halides, respectively.

Graphical abstract: Substituent-dependent structures and catalysis of benzimidazole-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of Ag(i), Ni(ii) and Pd(ii)

Supplementary files

Additions and corrections

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
12 Jan 2010
Accepted
29 Mar 2010
First published
04 May 2010

Dalton Trans., 2010,39, 5231-5241

Substituent-dependent structures and catalysis of benzimidazole-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of Ag(I), Ni(II) and Pd(II)

F. Li, J. J. Hu, L. L. Koh and T. S. A. Hor, Dalton Trans., 2010, 39, 5231 DOI: 10.1039/C000722F

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