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Thickness control of organic semiconductor-incorporated perovskites

Nature Chemistry volume 15, pages 1745–1753 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Two-dimensional organic semiconductor-incorporated perovskites are a promising family of hybrid materials for optoelectronic applications, owing in part to their inherent quantum well architecture. Tuning their structures and properties for specific properties, however, has remained challenging. Here we report a general method to tune the dimensionality of phase-pure organic semiconductor-incorporated perovskite single crystals during their synthesis, by judicious choice of solvent. The length of the conjugated semiconducting organic cations and the dimensionality (n value) of the inorganic layers can be manipulated at the same time. The energy band offsets and exciton dynamics at the organic–inorganic interfaces can therefore be precisely controlled. Furthermore, we show that longer and more planar π-conjugated organic cations induce a more rigid inorganic crystal lattice, which leads to suppressed exciton–phonon interactions and better optoelectronic properties as compared to conventional two-dimensional perovskites. As a demonstration, optically driven lasing behaviour with substantially lower lasing thresholds was realized.

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Fig. 1: Crystal structure characterizations of 2D OSiPs incorporating 2T, 3T and 4Tm organic cations.
Fig. 2: DFT-calculated electronic structures and band alignments of 2D OSiPs.
Fig. 3: Optical images and spectroscopic studies of mechanically exfoliated 2D OSiP single crystals.
Fig. 4: Quantification of crystal rigidity and exciton–phonon interactions.
Fig. 5: Lasing properties of rigidified OSiP crystal lattices.

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Data availability

Crystallographic data for the structures reported in this Article have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre under deposition numbers CCDC 2151387 ((2T)2(MA)Pb2I7), CCDC 2151388 ((2T)2(MA)2Pb3I10), CCDC 2151389 ((3T)2PbI4), CCDC 2151390 ((3T)2(MA)Pb2I7), CCDC 2151391 ((4Tm)2(MA)Pb2I7) and CCDC 2191050 ((3T)2(MA)2Pb3I10). Crystallographic data can be obtained free of charge through https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/. All the input and output files relevant to the theoretical simulations in this work have been deposited to NOMAD; access the following for more information: https://doi.org/10.17172/NOMAD/2023.03.18-1. All other data are available in the manuscript or Supplementary Information. All materials are available upon request to L.D. Source data are provided with this paper.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Mitzi and M. K. Jana for help with single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. We also thank K. Zhao and X. Wang at the School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University for the nanoindentation experiments. The work of J.Y.P. and L.D. is supported by the National Science Foundation under award no. 2110706-DMR (crystal synthesis). The work of L.J. and L.H. is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under award no. DE-SC0022082 (spectroscopy characterization). The work of R.S. and V.B. is supported by the National Science Foundation under award no. DMR-1729297 (DFT calculations). The work of J.L. and Y.S.Z. is supported by the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the Xplorer Prize. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a US Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The single-crystal X-ray diffractometer was purchased with support from the National Science Foundation under award no. CHE 1625543. This research used resources of the Advanced Light Source, which is a US Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility, under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Jee Yung Park, Ruyi Song, Jie Liang, Linrui Jin.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Jee Yung Park, Kang Wang & Letian Dou

  2. Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Ruyi Song & Volker Blum

  3. Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Jie Liang & Yong Sheng Zhao

  4. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Linrui Jin, Matthias Zeller, Libai Huang & Letian Dou

  5. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Shunran Li & Peijun Guo

  6. Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA

    Shunran Li & Peijun Guo

  7. Research Center for Industries of the Future and School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China

    Enzheng Shi

  8. State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Yao Gao

  9. Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Simon J. Teat

  10. Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Volker Blum

  11. Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Letian Dou

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Contributions

J.Y.P. carried out the synthesis, characterization of the materials and overall data analysis. R.S. and V.B. performed the DFT simulations. J.L. and Y.S.Z. characterized the temperature-dependent lasing properties of the materials. L.J. and L.H. carried out the temperature-dependent ultrafast spectroscopy measurements. K.W. provided insight regarding characterization and overall data analysis. E.S. and Y.G. contributed to the synthesis of materials. M.Z. and S.J.T. performed the single-crystal structure determinations. S.L. and P.G. carried out the low-frequency Raman scattering measurements. J.Y.P. and L.D. wrote the manuscript; all authors read and revised the manuscript. L.D. supervised the project.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Libai Huang, Yong Sheng Zhao, Volker Blum or Letian Dou.

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Competing interests

V.B. is a member of the executive board of MS1P e.V., the non-profit organization that licences the FHI-aims electronic structure code used in this work. V.B. does not receive any financial gains from this position. L.D. and Y.G. are inventors of a patent application (US10618889B2, active) related to the molecular design of the organic cations and the synthesis of the hybrid crystals presented in this work. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–36, Tables 1–10, references and appendix.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary Data 1

Crystal structure for 2T n = 2.

Supplementary Data 2

Crystal structure for 2T n = 3.

Supplementary Data 3

Crystal structure for 3T n = 1.

Supplementary Data 4

Crystal structure for 3T n = 2.

Supplementary Data 5

Crystal structure for 3T n = 3.

Supplementary Data 6

Crystal structure for 4Tm n = 2.

Supplementary Data 7

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 11.

Supplementary Data 8

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 12.

Supplementary Data 9

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 29.

Supplementary Data 10

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 30.

Supplementary Data 11

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 31.

Supplementary Data 12

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 32.

Supplementary Data 13

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 33.

Supplementary Data 14

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 34.

Supplementary Data 15

Graph source data for Supplementary Fig. 35.

Source data

Source Data Fig. 1

Graph source data.

Source Data Fig. 4

Graph source data.

Source Data Fig. 5

Graph source data.

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Park, J.Y., Song, R., Liang, J. et al. Thickness control of organic semiconductor-incorporated perovskites. Nat. Chem. 15, 1745–1753 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-023-01311-0

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