To the Editor:
Human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis is one of the life-threatening complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Early diagnosis and intervention are important for the prevention of poor prognosis and sequelae [1,2,3]. However, there are no specific neurological symptoms for HHV-6 encephalitis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for detection of HHV-6 may be hesitated at early after allo-HSCT due to cytopenia or hemorrhagic tendency [4]. Therefore, the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis remains problematic.
A recent systematic review suggested the association of HHV-6 encephalitis and hyponatremia [5]. However, since most case reports did not specify the timing of onset of hyponatremia and HHV-6 encephalitis, it is unclear whether the preceding hyponatremia is a useful hallmark for the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis. In order to address this issue, we retrospectively reviewed the dynamics of serum sodium levels and the incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis in 134 consecutive adult patients aged 18 or older who underwent allo-HSCT between April 2018 and December 2020 at Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital in Japan. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital.
HHV-6 encephalitis was diagnosed if the patient satisfied all of following criteria: (1) presence of central nerve system (CNS) dysfunction, which was defined as the presence of disorientation as to time and place, loss of consciousness, memory loss or convulsions, (2) a positive PCR result for HHV-6 DNA in CSF, and (3) absence of other identified causes of CNS dysfunction [2, 6]. The serum sodium levels were checked at least three times a week. Cerebrospinal PCR test for HHV-6 DNA were performed as soon as possible when CNS dysfunction appeared in allo-HSCT recipients. The diagnosis date of HHV-6 encephalitis was defined as the testing day on which PCR result for HHV-6 DNA became positive firstly. Based on the previously reported serum sodium levels at the onset of HHV-6 encephalitis, hyponatremia was defined as 130 mEq/L or less [5, 7]. In patient and transplant characteristics analysis, Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical values and Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare continuous values. The cumulative incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis and hyponatremia were estimated by Gray’s method while treating death as a competing risk. In the risk factor analysis, the Fine-Gray proportional hazard regression analysis was used, treating hyponatremia as a time-dependent covariate, in addition to the previously reported risk factors [4, 6]. Factors associated with at least borderline significance (P < 0.10) in the univariate analysis were subjected to a multivariate analysis. To assess the diagnostic values of each finding, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratio of a positive test result (LR+), likelihood ratio of a negative test result (LR−), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) [8]. Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed P value < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed with EZR ver. 1.52 (Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center), which is a graphical user interface for R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) [9].
One hundred thirty-four patients with a median age 53 years (range, 19–72) included 59 acute myeloid leukemia, 31 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 22 myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm, 14 malignant lymphoma, 3 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and 5 other hematological diseases (Supplemental Table 1). Of these patients, 29, 45, and 60 patients underwent bone marrow transplantation, peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), and cord blood transplantation (CBT), respectively. Most patients (80.6%) received myeloablative conditioning regimens. The classification of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis regimens and donor sources were summarized in Supplemental Table 2. In summary, tacrolimus (TAC) alone and TAC with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were mainly performed in CBT and post-transplantation cyclophosphamide with TAC and MMF were performed only in human leukocyte antigen-haploidentical PBSCT.
A total of 14 (10.4%) patients developed HHV-6 encephalitis at a median of 24 days (range, 9–48 days) after allo-HSCT (Fig. 1a). All HHV-6 encephalitis developed within 50 days after allo-HSCT and 21 (15.7%) patients developed hyponatremia during this period with a median of 19 days (range, 8–48 days) (Fig. 1b). The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is the most common definitely documented pathogenesis of hyponatremia after allo-HSCT [10]. Although not all cases had been tested to formally diagnose SIADH, 2 of 14 patients with HHV-6 encephalitis and 1 out of 120 patients without HHV-6 encephalitis were diagnosed with SIADH. In univariate analysis, CBT (HR 4.748, 95% CI: 1.087–10.490, P = 0.029), GVHD prophylaxis with TAC alone (HR 8.064, 95% CI: 1.537–13.830, P = 0.005), and hyponatremia (HR 9.615, 95% CI 2.946–31.380, P = 0.0001766), treating as a time-dependent covariate, were significantly correlated with the development of HHV-6 encephalitis. In multivariate analysis, hyponatremia (HR 9.501, 95% CI 2.534–35.620, P = 0.0008399) was identified as a significant risk factor for the development of HHV-6 encephalitis (Supplemental Table 3).
Furthermore, we investigated whether hyponatremia could precede the onset of HHV-6 encephalitis. In the 14 patients who developed HHV-6 encephalitis, seven (50.0%) patients had preceded hyponatremia within a week before the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis (Fig. 1c). On the other hand, 14 (66.7%) of 21 patients who had hyponatremia did not develop HHV-6 encephalitis. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR− of hyponatremia for the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis were 50%, 88.3%, 33.3%, 93.8%, 4.286, and 0.566, respectively (Fig. 1d). Allo-HSCT recipients may develop CNS dysfunction due to many other factors than HHV-6 encephalitis [11]. In fact, 27 (65.9%) of 41 patients with CNS dysfunction had other causes than HHV-6 encephalitis in this study. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR− of CNS dysfunction for the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis were 100%, 77.5%, 34.1%, 100.0%, 4.444, and 0.000, respectively (Fig. 1d). Therefore, CNS dysfunction alone was insufficient for the diagnosis in terms of the specificity. Interestingly, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR− of the coexistence of CNS dysfunction and hyponatremia for the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis were 50%, 98.3%, 77.8%, 94.4%, 30.000, and 0.508, respectively (Fig. 1d). Moreover, this combination remarkably increased DOR from 7.571 to 59.000 compared to the hyponatremia alone, indicating that the coexistence of CNS dysfunction and hyponatremia could improve the diagnostic accuracy of HHV-6 encephalitis (Fig. 1d).
Our study indicated that the preceding hyponatremia specifically observed within a week before the onset of HHV-6 encephalitis, consistent with the previous report [7]. In addition, the coexistence of hyponatremia and CNS dysfunction after allo-HSCT strongly suggests HHV-6 encephalitis and this combination may prompt to assess the CNS disease by lumbar puncture and lead to the early initiation of anti-HHV-6 therapies with more efficiently.
The current study had several limitations. First, it is still unclear whether the cutoff value of 130 mEq/L or less is appropriate for the differential diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis due to the retrospective and small number study. Second, we did not evaluate other factors that may affect serum sodium level such as fluid replacement, diuretic drugs, vomiting, and diarrhea [12].
In conclusion, our study suggests the possibility of HHV-6 encephalitis significantly increases when appearing CNS dysfunction following hyponatremia after allo-HSCT. When hyponatremia emerge after allo-HSCT, we should monitor carefully about the symptoms of HHV-6 encephalitis. In future, a large-scale prospective studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Zerr DM. Human herpesvirus 6 and central nervous system disease in hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Virol. 2006;37:S52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6532(06)70012-9.
Muta T, Fukuda T, Harada M. Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis in hematopoietic SCT recipients in Japan: a retrospective multicenter study. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2009;43:583–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2008.359.
Sakai R, Kanamori H, Motohashi K, Yamamoto W, Matsuura S, Fujita A, et al. Long-term outcome of human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl. 2011;17:1389–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.01.014.
Ogata M, Fukuda T, Teshima T. Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: what we do and do not know. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2015;50:1030–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2015.76.
Victoria NC, Phan TL, Agarwal KA. A Systematic Review of Sodium Disorders in HHV-6 Encephalitis. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl. 2020;26:1034–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.01.023.
Ogata M, Oshima K, Ikebe T, Takano K, Kanamori H, Kondo T, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2017;52:1563–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2017.175.
Murakami K, Kohashi S, Sakurai M, Kato J, Toyama T, Koda Y, et al. Hyponatremia associated with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a presentation different from HHV-6 myelitis. Int J Hematol. 2017;106:436–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-017-2254-9.
Glas AS, Lijmer JG, Prins MH, Bonsel GJ, Bossuyt PM. The diagnostic odds ratio: a single indicator of test performance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:1129–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00177-x
Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2013;48:452–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.244.
Suzuki Y, Kobayashi R, Iguchi A, Sato T, Kaneda M, Kobayashi K, et al. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with SCT: clinical differences following SCT using cord blood and BM/peripheral blood. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2008;42:743–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2008.247.
Mannina D, Berneking L, Both A, Timm W, Urbanowicz T, Wolschke C, et al. Major central nervous system complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A large retrospective study on 888 consecutive adult patients. Eur J Haematol. 2020;105:722–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13489.
Koumpis E, Florentin M, Hatzimichael E, Liamis G. Hyponatremia in Patients with Hematologic Diseases. J Clin Med, 2020;9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113721
Acknowledgements
We thank the nursing and medical staffs for their contributions to this study and their dedicated care of the patients.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SY and TA designed the study, reviewed and analyzed data, and wrote the paper; KO collected data and revised the paper; YM, ST, KK, and KE collected data. MI, TT, and SO revised the paper. All authors contributed to the final version of the paper and approved it for the publication.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Yoshida, S., Ara, T., Okada, K. et al. The preceding hyponatremia is a useful hallmark for the diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 58, 97–99 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-022-01843-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-022-01843-y