Abstract
An early equilibration of the Earth’s mantle with the metals that later formed the core may explain the concentrations of iron-loving (siderophile) elements in the mantle. However, a subset of these elements, the highly siderophile elements including palladium, are present in greater concentrations than expected. Moreover, their relative ratios are similar to those found in chondrites, that is, primitive solar-system materials1,2,3,4. On the basis of very high partition coefficients for these elements derived from experiments at low pressures and temperatures (for example, a coefficient for palladium >104), it has been argued that the high mantle concentrations of the highly siderophile elements and also of volatile elements originated from the addition of chondritic material after core formation as a ‘late veneer’1,2,3,4. Here we present experiments at higher pressures and temperatures that approximate the conditions of early Earth, and find much lower partition coefficients for palladium, about 480, consistent with an equilibration scenario. This obviates the need for a late veneer to explain the terrestrial-mantle palladium content, and calls into question traditional explanations for the origin of the Earth’s volatile elements.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a NASA RTOP to K.R., NASA grants to M.H. and an Oak Ridge National Lab/National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship to L.D. The NASA-JSC high-pressure laboratory was funded by a NASA Planetary Major Equipment grant. L. Le provided assistance on the electron microprobe, and S. Huang provided assistance on the laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry.
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K.R. conceived the project, carried out low-pressure experiments and analysed run products, M.H. analysed trace elements in metals and glasses using laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry, L.D. carried out pressure calibrations and higher-pressure experiments and all authors contributed to interpretation of the data.
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Supplementary figures S1-S2 and tables S1-S3 (PDF 718 kb)
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Righter, K., Humayun, M. & Danielson, L. Partitioning of palladium at high pressures and temperatures during core formation. Nature Geosci 1, 321–323 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo180
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo180
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