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Design and synthesis of polyoxometalate-framework materials from cluster precursors

Nature Reviews Materials volume 2, Article number: 17054 (2017) Cite this article

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Abstract

Inorganic oxide materials are used in semiconductor electronics, ion exchange, catalysis, coatings, gas sensors and as separation materials. Although their synthesis is well understood, the scope for new materials is reduced because of the stability limits imposed by high-temperature processing and top-down synthetic approaches. In this Review, we describe the derivatization of polyoxometalate (POM) clusters, which enables their assembly into a range of frameworks by use of organic or inorganic linkers. Additionally, bottom-up synthetic approaches can be used to make metal oxide framework materials, and the features of the molecular POM precursors are retained in these structures. Highly robust all-inorganic frameworks can be made using metal-ion linkers, which combine molecular synthetic control without the need for organic components. The resulting frameworks have high stability, and high catalytic, photochemical and electrochemical activity. Conceptually, these inorganic oxide materials bridge the gap between zeolites and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and establish a new class of all-inorganic POM frameworks that can be designed using topological and reactivity principles similar to MOFs.

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Figure 1: Schematic illustrations of common zeolite frameworks.
Figure 2: Metal–organic frameworks comprising Zn4O clusters and linear organic linkers.
Figure 3: Structures of polyoxometalate clusters of varying dimensions.
Figure 4: Comparison of the molecular sizes and building blocks of {Mo132}, {Mo256} and {Mo368} clusters.
Figure 5: Characterization of the non-classical Wells–Dawson {W18O56XO6} cluster.
Figure 6: A highly porous ionic crystal.
Figure 7: A polyoxometalate open framework material.
Figure 8: A numbering system for known POMzites.
Figure 9: Modular assembly of a 3D polyoxometalate open framework: [Ag(CH3CN)4]⊂{[Ag(CH3CN)2]4[H3W12O40]} with AgI···AgI interactions.
Figure 10: Illustration of the nanosized pockets in a pure Keggin network.

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Acknowledgements

L.V.-N. and L.C. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC; Grant Nos EP/H024107/1, EP/I033459/1, EP/J00135X/1, EP/J015156/1, EP/K021966/1, EP/K023004/1, EP/K038885/1, EP/L015668/1 and EP/L023652/1), and the European Research Council (ERC; project 670467 SMART-POM).

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    Laia Vilà-Nadal & Leroy Cronin

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Vilà-Nadal, L., Cronin, L. Design and synthesis of polyoxometalate-framework materials from cluster precursors. Nat Rev Mater 2, 17054 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.54

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