Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century

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Read Full Article (file size: 8916415 bytes) Cited by JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. D14, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670, 2003 Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century N. A. Rayner Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Bracknell, UK D. E. Parker Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Bracknell, UK E. B. Horton Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Bracknell, UK C. K. Folland Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Bracknell, UK L. V. Alexander Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Bracknell, UK D. P. Rowell Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Bracknell, UK E. C. Kent James Rennell Division, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK A. Kaplan Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA Abstract We present the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1. HadISST1 replaces the global sea ice and sea surface temperature (GISST) data sets and is a unique combination of monthly globally complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1° latitude-longitude grid from 1871. The companion HadMAT1 runs monthly from 1856 on a 5° latitude-longitude grid and incorporates new corrections for the effect on NMAT of increasing deck (and hence measurement) heights. HadISST1 and HadMAT1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two-stage reduced-space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality-improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The sea ice fields are made more homogeneous by compensating satellite microwave-based sea ice concentrations for the impact of surface melt effects on retrievals in the Arctic and for algorithm deficiencies in the Antarctic and by making the historical in situ concentrations consistent with the satellite data. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. HadISST1 compares well with other published analyses, capturing trends in global, hemispheric, and regional SST well, containing SST fields with more uniform variance through time and better month-to-month persistence than those in GISST. HadMAT1 is more consistent with SST and with collocated land surface air temperatures than previous NMAT data sets. Received 19 June 2002; accepted 11 March 2003; published 17 July 2003. Index Terms: 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325); 1635 Global Change: Oceans (4203); 1827 Hydrology: Glaciology (1863); 3339 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504). Read Full Article (file size: 8916415 bytes) Cited by Citation: Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan (2003), Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670. Published in 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.

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