Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector

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Read Full Article (file size: 2130673 bytes) Cited by JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. D1, 4005, doi:10.1029/2002JD002347, 2003 Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector Hugh J. Christian NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA Richard J. Blakeslee NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA Dennis J. Boccippio NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA William L. Boeck Niagara University, Niagara, New York, USA Dennis E. Buechler University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Huntsville, Alabama, USA Kevin T. Driscoll University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Huntsville, Alabama, USA Steven J. Goodman NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA John M. Hall CSC Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA William J. Koshak NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA Douglas M. Mach University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Huntsville, Alabama, USA Michael F. Stewart University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), Huntsville, Alabama, USA Abstract The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) is a space-based instrument specifically designed to detect and locate lightning discharges as it orbits the Earth. This instrument is a scientific payload on the MicroLab-1 satellite that was launched into a 70° inclination low Earth orbit in April 1995. Given the orbital trajectory of the satellite, most regions of the Earth are observed by the OTD instrument more than 400 times during a 1 year period, and the average duration of each observation is 2 min. The OTD instrument optically detects lightning flashes that occur within its 1300 × 1300 km² field of view during both day and night conditions. A statistical examination of OTD lightning data reveals that nearly 1.4 billion flashes occur annually over the entire Earth. This annual flash count translates to an average of 44 ± 5 lightning flashes (intracloud and cloud-to-ground combined) occurring around the globe every second, which is well below the traditional estimate of 100 fl s⁻¹ that was derived in 1925 from world thunder day records. The range of uncertainty for the OTD global totals represents primarily the uncertainty (and variability) in the flash detection efficiency of the instrument. The OTD measurements have been used to construct lightning climatology maps that demonstrate the geographical and seasonal distribution of lightning activity for the globe. An analysis of this annual lightning distribution confirms that lightning occurs mainly over land areas, with an average land/ocean ratio of ∼10:1. The Congo basin, which stands out year-round, shows a peak mean annual flash density of 80 fl km⁻² yr⁻¹ in Rwanda, and includes an area of over 3 million km² exhibiting flash densities greater than 30 fl km⁻² yr⁻¹ (the flash density of central Florida). Lightning is predominant in the northern Atlantic and western Pacific Ocean basins year-round where instability is produced from cold air passing over warm ocean water. Lightning is less frequent in the eastern tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean basins where the air mass is warmer. A dominant Northern Hemisphere summer peak occurs in the annual cycle, and evidence is found for a tropically driven semiannual cycle. Published 3 January 2003. Index Terms: 3304 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Atmospheric electricity; 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 3324 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Lightning; 3394 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Instruments and techniques. Read Full Article (file size: 2130673 bytes) Cited by Citation: Christian, H. J., et al. (2003), Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4005, doi:10.1029/2002JD002347. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.

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