When Arnold is “The Terminator”, We No Longer See Him as a Man
The Temporal Determinants of Person Perception
Abstract
The current research examined the intersection of social categorization and identity recognition to investigate whether and when one form of construal would dominate people’s responses to social targets. Using an automatic priming paradigm and manipulating prime duration to examine how familiarity with social targets and the time course of processing moderate construal, we asked participants to judge the familiarity and sex of faces (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). The results revealed that both unfamiliar and familiar faces were initially categorized by sex but that familiar faces were quickly (and automatically) reclassified in terms of identity. Implications for models of face processing and person perception are discussed.
References
1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
(2000). Recognizing expression from familiar and unfamiliar faces. Pragmatics and Cognition, 8, 123–146.
(2002). Sex is a dimension in face recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 362–365.
(1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 551–565.
(2002). Cognitive penetrability of the face structural encoding: Electrophysiological evidence. Cognition, 86, 1–14.
(2006). Processing the trees and the forest during initial stages of face perception: Electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1406–1421.
(2004). The automaticity of race and Afrocentric facial features in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 763–778.
(1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In , Advances in social cognition, (Vol. 11, pp. 1–52). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1988). A dual-process model of impression formation. In , Advances in social cognition, (Vol. 1, pp. 1–36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception, 22, 829–840.
(1987). Parallel processing of the sex and familiarity of faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 41, 510–520.
(1986). Influences of familiarity on the processing of faces. Perception, 15, 387–397.
(1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305–327.
(1991). Age decisions on familiar and unfamiliar faces. Behavioural Processes, 24, 21–35.
(2004). Ethnic categorisation of faces is not independent of face identity. Perception, 33, 169–179.
(1993). What’s the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception, 22, 153–176.
(1990). Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305–327.
(2001). A principal components analysis of facial expressions. Vision Research, 41, 1179–1208.
(2005). Understanding facial identity and facial expression recognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 641–653.
(1996). Dissociating face processing skills: Decisions about lip-read speech, expression, and identity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 295–314.
(2007). Who or what are you? Facial orientation and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1298–1309.
(2005). The perceptual determinants of person construal: Reopening the social-cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 885–894.
(2004). Demonstrating the acquired familiarity of faces by using a gender-decision task. Perception, 33, 159–168.
(1993). PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 25, 257–271.
(2003). The effects of happy and angry expressions on identity and expression memory for unfamiliar faces. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 609–622.
(1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107–117.
(1999). Effect of familiarity on the processing of human faces. Neuroimage, 9, 278–289.
(1996). Two loci of repetition priming in the recognition of familiar faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 295–308.
(1990). Repetition priming and face processing: Priming occurs within the system that responds to the identity of a face. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42, 495–512.
(1987). Repetition priming of face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39A, 193–210.
(2004). MediaLab and DirectRT v. 2004 [Computer software]. New York: Author.
. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation from category-based to individuated processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In , Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 23, pp. 1–74). New York: Academic Press.
(2002). Perceptual integrality of sex and identity of faces: Further evidence for the single-route hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 854–867.
(2004). Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: The parallel-route hypothesis revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 583–597.
(2007). Familiarity impacts person perception. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 839–855.
(2007). Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces. Neuropsychologia, 45, 32–41.
(2000). Repetition priming for familiar and unfamiliar faces in a sex-judgment task: Evidence for a common route for the processing of sex and identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1198–1214.
(2005). Visual recognition: As soon as you know it is there, you know what it is. Psychological Science, 16, 152–160.
(2000). The distributed neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223–233.
(2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 59–67.
(2000). Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 80–84.
(1993). Expression is computed separately from facial identity, and it is computed separately for moving and static faces: Neuropsychological evidence. Neuropsychologia, 31, 173–181.
(2004). Tracking the timecourse of social perception: The effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1267–1280.
(2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 616–626.
(2002). The dynamic time course of stereotype activation: Activation, dissipation, and resurrection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 283–299.
(2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522–544.
(1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284–308.
(2003). The role of perceptual load in processing distractor faces. Psychological Science, 14, 510–515.
(2000). When inverted faces are recognized: The role of configural information in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 513–536.
(2002). Evaluating the independence of sex and expression in judgments of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 64, 230–243.
(2002). Stages of processing in face perception: A MEG study. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 910–916.
(2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5–18.
(2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93–120.
(2007). A boy primed Sue: Feature-based processing and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 793–805.
(2005). Understanding others: The face and person construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 686–695.
(2004). Manipulating subcategory salience: Exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 533–546.
(2002). Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 250–259.
(1982). Vision. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
(2007). A face with a cue: Exploring the inevitability of person categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 806–816.
(2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260.
(2003). Electrophysiological correlates of age and gender perception on human faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 900–910.
(2000). Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 303–310.
(1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In , Basic processes in reading (pp. 264–336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1991). Dissociable face processing impairments after injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 545–558.
(2005). Categorizing others: The dynamics of person construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 467–479.
(2003). Stereotyping and impression formation: How categorical thinking shapes person perception. In , SAGE handbook of social psychology (pp. 87–109). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
(1993). What’s lost in inverted faces?. Cognition, 47, 25–57.
(2002). Is sex categorization from faces really parallel to face recognition?. Visual Cognition, 9, 1003–1020.
(2001). How does the brain discriminate familiar and unfamiliar faces: A PET study of face categorical perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 1019–1034.
(2001). Structural encoding of human and schematic faces: Holistic and part-based processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 1–15.
(1998). Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1748–1765.
(2002). Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 402–409.
(1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 904–915.
(1989). Prosopagnosia in a right hemispherectomized patient. Brain, 112, 975–995.
(2001). The entry point for face recognition: Evidence for face expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 534–543.
(2001). A neural basis for expert object recognition. Psychological Science, 12, 43–47.
(2003). Learning to see faces and objects. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 23–30.
(2001). The time course of visual processing: From early perception to decision-making. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 454–461.
(1986). Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on identity and expression. Psychological Research, 48, 63–68.
(