Skip to main content
Log in

Travel time ratio: the key factor of spatial reach

  • Published:
Transportation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An important aspect of reach and accessibility is the time people are willing to spend on reaching activity places. In this paper we see the issue of travel time in an alternative way. Instead of looking at travel time separated from time spent on activities, we examine the relation between travel time and stay time. We operationalize this relation with the concept “travel time ratio”. A hypothetical framework underlying these travel time ratios is displayed. We show that for similar types of activity places the value of travel time ratio are in accordance with each other. We find large differences between trips for mandatory activities and trips for discretionary activities. The results indicate the stability of the travel time ratios. Finally, some implications for future research and policy will be mentioned.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Axhausen KW & Gärling T (1992) Activity-based approaches to travel analysis: conceptual frameworks, models, and research problems. Transport Reviews 12: 323-341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates J, Dix M & May T (1987) Travel time variability and its effect on time of day choice for the journey to work. Proceedings of Seminar C: Transportation Planning Methods, 15th PTRC Summer Anual Meeting (pp 293-311). London: Planning and Transport Research and Computation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker GS (1965) A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal 75: 493-517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dettmer HW (1997) Goldratt's Theory of Constraints: A Systems Approach to Continuous Improvement. Milwaukee: ASQC Quality Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijst MJ (1994) Dagboekonderzoek vollediger en nauwkeuriger. Verkeerskunde 45: 46-49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijst MJ (1995) Het elliptisch leven: actieruimte als integrale maat voor bereik en mobiliteit - modelontwikkeling met als voorbeeld tweeverdieners met kinderen in Houten en Utrecht. Utrecht/Delft, Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit Bouwkunde, TU-Delft (doctorate thesis, in Dutch with extensive summary in English).

  • Dijst M & Vidakovic V (1997) Individual action space in the city: an integrated approach to reach instead of accessibility. In: Ettema DF & Timmermans HJP (eds) Activity-based Approaches to Travel Analysis (pp 117-134). Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijst M, De Jong T, Ritsema Van Eck J & Vidakovic V (1997) Mastic-2: Model of Action Space in Time Intervals and Clusters. Utrecht: Urban Research Centre Utrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnea FX De (1971) The Determinants of Transport Mode Choice in Dutch Cities. Rotterdam (doctorate thesis).

  • Ettema D (1996) Activity-based Travel Demand Modeling. Eindhoven (doctorate thesis).

  • Golledge RG, Kwan M-P & Gärling T (1994) Computational process modelling of household travel decisions using a geographical information system. Papers in Regional Science 73: 99-117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin PB (1978) Travel choice and time budgets. In: Hensher DA & Dalvi Q (eds) Determinants of Travel Choice (pp 358-381). Farnsborough: Saxon House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson S (1995) Getting there: urban transportation in context. In: Hanson S (ed) The Geography of Urban Transportation (pp 3-25). New York/London: The Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilbers HD & Verroen EJ (1993) Het beoordelen van de bereikbaarheid van lokaties: definiëringen, maatstaven, toepassing en beleidsimplicaties. Delft: INRO-TNO (rapport INROVVG 1993-09).

  • Huigen PPP (1986) Binnen of buiten bereik?: een sociaal-geografisch onderzoek in Zuid-West Friesland. Amsterdam/Utrecht: KNAG/GI-Utrecht.

  • Hupkes G (1977) Gasgeven of afremmen: toekomstscenario's voor ons vervoerssysteem. Deventer/Antwerpen: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones PM, Dix MC, Clarke MI & Heggie IG (1983) Understanding Travel Behavior. Aldershot: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura R, Nishii K & Goulais K (1990) Trip chaining behaviour by central city commuters: a causal analysis of time-space constraints. In: Jones P (ed) Developments in Dynamic and Activity-based Approaches to Travel Analysis (pp 145-170). Aldershot: Avebury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura R, Van der Hoorn T & Van Wijk F (1997) A comparative analysis of daily time use and the development of an activity-based traveller benefit measure. In: Ettema DF & Timmermans HJP (eds) Activity-based Approaches to Travel Analysis (pp 171-188). Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraan M (1996) Time to Travel?: A Model for the Allocation of Time and Money. Enschede (doctorate thesis).

  • Lenntorp B (1976) Paths in Space-time Environment: A Time Geographic Study of Possibilities of Individuals. Lund: The Royal University of Lund, Department of Geography. Lund Studies in Geography, Ser. B. Human Geography no. 44.

  • Levinson DM & Kumar A (1994) The rational locator: why travel times have remained stable. APA journal (Summer 1994): 319-332.

  • Mahmassani HS, Chang G-L & Herman R (1986) Individual decisions and collective effects in a simulated traffic system. Transportation Science 20: 258-271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michon JA (1980) Psychology: aid or guide for travel-demand analysis? In: Polak JB & Kamp JB van der (eds) Changes in the Field of Transport Studies (pp 160-174). Den Haag: Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris J & Wigan M (1979) Accessibility indicators of transport planning. Transportation Research 13A: 91-109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishii K & Kondo K (1992) Trip linkages of urban railway commuters under time-space constraints: some empirical observations. Transportation Research 26B: 34-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • OrtÚzar J de & Willumsen LG (1994) Modelling Transport. London: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pells S (1987) The evaluation of reductions in the variability of travel times on the journey to work. Proceedings of Seminar C: Transportation Planning Methods, 15th PTRC Summer Anual Meeting (pp 313-325). London: Planning and Transport Research and Computation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirie GH (1979) Measuring accessibility: a review and proposal. Environment and Planning A, 11: 299-312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Recker WW, McNally MG & Roots GS (1986) A model of complex travel behavior: part 1 - theoretical development. Transportation Research, 20A: 307-318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson HW (1977) The New Urban Economics: and Alternatives. London: Pion Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafer A & Victor D (1997) The past and future of global mobility. Scientific American 277: 36-39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szalai A (1972) The Use of Time: Daily Activities and Suburban Populations in Twelve Countries. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner JC (1961) Factors Affecting the Amount of Travel. London: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (Road Research Technical Paper no 51).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner JC (1979) Expenditure of Time and Money on Travel. Crowthorne: Department of the environment Department of transport, Transport and road research laboratory (TRRL Supplementary report 466).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilanus CB (1993) Allocatie van ritkosten in de binnenlandse distributie van stukgoed. In: Weenink AJH & Kruse AL (eds) Vervoerslogistieke werkdagen (pp 464-480). Zoetermeer: EVO.

  • Tonn BE (1984) The cyclic process decision-heuristic: an application in time-allocation modelling. Environment and Planning 16A: 1197-1220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidakovic V (1972) A study of individual journey series: an integrated interpretation of the transportation process. In: Newell GF (ed.), Traffic Flow and Transportation: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Theory of Traffic Flow and Transportation (pp 57-70). New York: American Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidakovic V (1981) De toedeling van reistijd aan activiteiten: eerste resultaten van waarnemingen in Amsterdam. Verkeerskunde, 32: 442-444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidakovic V (1985) Invloed reistijd op uitgaan in het centrum van Amsterdam. Verkeerskunde 36: 514-516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang JJ (1995) Timing utility of daily activities and its impact on travel. “Activity Based Approaches: Activity Scheduling and the Analysis of Activity Patterns, May 25-28. Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westelius O (1972) The Individual's Pattern of Travel in an Urban Area. Stockholm: National Swedish Building Research (Document D2: 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahavi Y (1973) The TT-relationship: a unified approach to transportation planning. Traffic Engineering and Control 14: 205-212.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dijst, M., Vidakovic, V. Travel time ratio: the key factor of spatial reach. Transportation 27, 179–199 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005293330869

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005293330869

Navigation