Skip to main content
Log in

Assimilationism and Pluralism as Cultural Tools

  • Published:
Sociological Forum

Abstract

Most scholarship on assimilationism and pluralism either scientifically assesses their validity as theories or ideologically makes claims about their propriety. Missing is inquiry into how assimilationism and pluralism are not merely about society (as outcomes or ideals) but are used in society, sometimes as “antithetical master-frames.” I therefore do two things here: In Part I, I recast assimilationism and pluralism in terms of two dimensions of concern to people: morality (is assimilating or retaining the right thing to do?) and inclusiveness (which groups are candidates for assimilation or retention?). In Part II, I analyze the use of assimilationist and pluralist frames in three social movements—gay, Deaf Culture, and white separatist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam, Barry 1978 The Survival of Domination. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, Barry1987 The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alba, Richard 1999 “Immigration and the American realities of assimilation and multiculturalism.” Sociological Forum 14:3-25

    Google Scholar 

  • Alba, Richard1990 Ethnic Identity. New Haven, CT: TY aleU niversityP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alba, Richard, and Victor, Nee 1997 “Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration.” International Migration Review 31:826-874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, Dennis 1993 [1971]. Homosexual. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benford, Robert 1993 “Frame disputes within the nuclear disarmament movement.” Social Forces 71:677-702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benford, Robert, and David, Snow 2000 “Framing process and social movements: An overview and assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:611-639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berbrier, Mitch 1996 Ethnicity in the Making: Cultural Space and the Ethnic Claims of Gays, the Deaf, and White Supremacists. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.1998a ldquo;‘Half the battle’: Cultural resonance, framing processes, and ethnic affectations in contemporary white separatist rhetoric.” Social Problems, 45:431-450.1998b “‘Being Deaf has very little to do with one's ears’: Boundary-work in the Deaf Culture movement.” Perspectives on Social Problems, 10:79-100.1999 “Impression management for the thinking racist: A case study of intellectualization as stigma transformation in contemporary white supremacist discourse.” The Sociological Quarterly 40:411-433.2002a “Making minorities: Cultural space, stigma transformation frames, and the categorical status claims of deaf, gay, and white supremacist activists in late twentieth century America.” Sociological Forum vn17:553-591.2002b “Disempowering minorities: A critique of Wilkinson's task for social scientists and practitioners.” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 29:3-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodnar, John 1994 “Public memory in an American city: Commemoration in Cleveland.” In John, R. Gillis (ed.), Commemorations: 74-89. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brimelow, Peter 1996 Alien Nation. New York: Harper-Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, Patrick J. 2001 The Death of the West. New York: Dunne Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, Ken 1954 “The Mattachine on cooperation.” One 2(3):13-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, Robert A. 1975 The Quest for Conformity. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, Roger 1998 “Deaf Culture: Dying or changing?” TBC News 6:6-7. (Reprinted from CCSD Newsletter)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castle, Diane 1990 “Employment bridges cultures.” In Mervin, Garretson (ed.), Eyes, Hands, Ears. A Deaf American Monograph. Vol. 40: 19-21. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Leah Hager 1994 “Deaf girl misses out too much.” TBC News 67:7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cory, Donald Webster 1951 The Homosexual in America. New York: Greenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, Thomas J. 1960 “Review of Cory's The Homosexual in America.” Homophile Studies 3(4):259-261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, Jessie 1997 White Lies. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davila, Robert 1992 “The black Deaf experience: Empowerment and excellence.” In Mervin, Garretson (ed.), Viewpoints on Deafness. A Deaf American Monograph. Vol. 40:49-51. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Emilio, John 1983 Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donahue 1989 “State representative David Duke.” May 19. Multimedia Entertainment Inc. transcript prepared by Journal Graphics, Inc.

  • Downey, Dennis J 1999 “From Americanization to multiculturalism: Political symbols and struggles for cultural diversity in twentieth-century American race relations.” Sociological Perspectives 42:249-278.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuBois, W. E. B. 1903 The Souls of Black Folk. Reprint, 1982. New York: orkS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, Lauren B., Sally, Riggs Fuller, and Iona, Mara-Drita 2001 “Diversity rhetoric and the managerialization of law.” American Journal of Sociology 106:1589-1641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Stephen 1987 “Gay politics, ethnic identity: The limits of social constructionism.” Socialist Review 17:9-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, Dierdre 1991 “Liberals—the real racists” Populist Observer, No. 65 (June).

  • Gannon, Jack 1991 “The importance of a cultural identity.” In Mervin, Garretson (ed.), Perspectives on Deafness. A Deaf American Monograph. Vol. 41: 55-58. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, Herbert 1979 “Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 2(1):1-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1997 “Toward a reconciliation of ‘assimilation’ and ‘pluralism’: The interplay of acculturation and ethnic retention.” International Migration Review 31:875-892.

  • Garretson, Merv 1991 “Deaf adults in society.” In Mervin, Garretson (ed.), Perspectives on Deafness. A Deaf American Monograph. Vol 41: 59-62. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, Todd 1995 The Twilight of Common Dreams. New York: Henry Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, Nathan 1993 “Is assimilation dead?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530:122-136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, Nathan1997 We Are All Multiculturalists Now. Cambridge, MA: AHarvard UniversityP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleason, Philip 1984 “Pluralism and assimilation: A conceptual history.” In John, Edwards (ed.), Linguistic Minorities, Policies, and Pluralism: 221-257. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, Milton 1964 Assimilation in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, Milton1981 “Models of pluralism: The new American dilemma.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 454:178-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higham, John 1988 Strangers in the Land. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollinger, David A 2000 Postethnic America. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Instauration 1984 “Populist party on the move.” October, p.35.

  • Isham, Bill 1993 “Pride and pluralism.” TBC News 62:1-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, Matthew F 1998 Whiteness of a Different Color. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankowski, Katherine 1997 Deaf Empowerment: Emergence, Rhetoric, Struggle. Washington, DC: Galluadet University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallen, Horace M. 1956 Cultural Pluralism and the American Idea. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallen, Horace M.1970 [1924]. Culture and Democracy in the United States. New York: Arno.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, Harlan 1992 The Mask of Benevolence: Disabling the Deaf Community. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, Harlan1984. When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeRoy, John 1962 “The new publicity break: Where do we go from here?” The Ladder 7(3):16-17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, Lawrence 1997 The Opening of the American Mind. Boston: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyman, Stanford 1972 The Black American in Sociological Thought. New York: Capricorn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1994 Color, Culture, Civilization. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

  • Marotta, Toby 1981 The Politics of Homosexuality. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martellone, Anna Maria 1989 “National unity, assimilation and ethnic diversity in the United States.” In Velaria, Gennaro Lerda (ed.), From ‘Melting Pot’ to Multiculturalism: The Evolution of Ethnic Relations in the United States and Canada: 9-23. Rome: Bulzone Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Del 1961 “How far out can we go?” The Ladder 5(4):4-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Marcel 1965 “The gravest danger.” One 13(1):5-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattachine Society n.d. Constitution of the Mattachine Society, Preamble. Los Angeles: Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, Vertical Files–Mattachine (Los Angeles).

  • Miller, Gale, and James, A. Holstein 1989 “On the sociology of social problems.” Perspectives on Social Problems 1:1-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, Gunnar 1962 An American Dilemma. New York: orkH arpera ndR.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAAWP News 1983 “Howard University.” 27:6.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAAWP News 1986 “America's so-called “melting pot” cannot work!” 47:11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, Michael 1972 The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, Pamela, and Hank, Johnston 2000 “What a good idea! Ideologies and frames in social movement research.” Mobilization 5:37-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olvir, Vic 1993 “American graffiti: Black separatism.” Instauration, July, p.7.

  • Omi, Michael, and Howard, Winant 1994 Racial Formation in the United States From the 1960s to the 1980s. 2nd edn. New York: orkR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padden, Carol, and Tom, Humphries 1988 Deaf in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, Robert A., and Ernest, W. Burgess 1921 Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, Robert A., and Herbert, A. Miller 1920 Old World Traits Transplanted. New York: orkH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, Wilmot 1976 The Dispossessed Majority. Cape Canaveral, FL: LH owardA.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1992 The Ethnostate. Cape Canaveral, FL: LH owardA.

  • Robin, Carol 1958 “Why do they persecute us so?” One 6(9):21-22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumbaut, Ruben 1997 “Paradoxes (and orthodoxies) of assimilation.” Sociological Perspectives 40:481-511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. 1992 The Disuniting of America. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidman, Steven 1999 Difference Troubles. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, L. 1962 “Ethnogenesis and Negro-Americans today.”Social Research 29:419-432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skrentny, John D. 2002 The Minority Rights Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, David, and Robert, Benford 2000 “Clarifying the relationship between framing and ideology.”Mobilization 5:55-60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, Marc W. 1999 “The talk and back talk of collective action: A dialogic analysis of repertoires of discourse among nineteenth-century English cotton spinners.” American Journal of Sociology 105:736-780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, Stephen 1989 The Ethnic Myth. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart, William 1995 “The League of Nations and the Irish question: Master frames, cycles of protest, and ‘master frame alignment.’”The Sociological Quarterly 36:465-481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Charles 1994 Multiculturalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terstriep, Amy 1993 “Ethnicity, social theory, and Deaf Culture.” In Proceedings on Deaf Studies III: Bridging Cultures in the Twenty-First Century: 231-243. Washington, DC: College of Continuing Education, Gallaudet University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, Bonnie P. 1991 “Perspectives On Deafness.” In Mervin, Garretson (ed.), Perspectives on Deafness. A Deaf American Monograph. Vol. 41: 145-147. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallochi, Steve 1999 “Riding the crest of a protest wave? Collective action frames in the gay liberation movement, 1969–1973.” Mobilization 4:59-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Cleve, John Vickrey, and Barry, A. Crouch 1989 A Place of Their Own: Creating the Deaf Community in America. Washington, DC: CG allaudetU niversityP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, Mary C. 1990 Ethnic Options. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westby, David 2002 “Strategic imperative, ideology, and frame.” Mobilization 7:287-304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Rhys 1995 “Constructing the public good: Social movements and cultural resources.” Social Problems 42:124-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, Louis 1945 “The problem of minority groups.” In Ralph, Linton (ed.), The Science of Man in the World Crisis: 347-372. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zangwill, Israel 1909 The Melting Pot. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Min 1997 “Segmented assimilation: Issues, controversies, and recent research on the new second generation.”International Migration Review 31: 975-1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. N. 1958 “Letter.” The Ladder 3(1):30-32.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Berbrier, M. Assimilationism and Pluralism as Cultural Tools. Sociological Forum 19, 29–61 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOFO.0000019647.42154.2d

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOFO.0000019647.42154.2d

Navigation