Abstract
The psychometrics of many self-report measures of anxiety and depression have been established for patients with anxiety disorders, but little is known about use of these measures in patients with psychotic disorders. This study examined psychometrics of commonly used self-report measures. Self-report measures and interviewer ratings were collected on 33 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia disorders. A sample of 46 patients with anxiety disorders completed the same self-report measures. Internal consistency was high for the self-report measures in both samples. Test-retest reliability was moderate to high. Scores on self-report measures were correlated with interviewer ratings and with scores on other self-report measures of similar constructs, supporting the convergent validity of the measures. Reliable and valid information about anxiety and depression can be obtained through administering the self-report measures to outpatients diagnosed with psychotic disorders. There was more overlap among measures than was expected, possibly because of poor discriminant validity. One explanation of this may be that anxiety constructs overlap more in patients with schizophrenia or related disorders than in non-psychotic populations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Andreason, N. C. (1984a). Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa.
Andreason, N. C. (1984b). Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa.
Arlow, P. B., Moran, M. E., Bermanzohn, P. C., Stronger, R., &; Siris, S. G. (1997). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic attacks in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Psychotherpy Practice and Research, 6, 145–150.
Barlow, D. H. (1996). Health Care Policy, psychotherapy research, and the future of psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 51, 1050–1058.
Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247–1263.
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., &; Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
Bermanzohn, P. C. (1999). Prevalence and prognosis of obsessivecompulsive phenomena in schizophrenia: A critical view. Psychiatric Annals, 29, 508–512.
Bland, R. C., Newman, S. C., &; Orn., H. (1987). Schizophrenia: Lifetime comorbidity in a community sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 75, 383–391.
Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., &; Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behavior Research and Therapy, 30, 33–37.
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., &; Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 585–599.
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., &; Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179–192.
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., &; Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 79–89.
Brown, T. A., DiNardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., &; Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 49–58.
Cassano, G. B., Pini, S., Saettoni, M., Rucci, P., &; Dell'Osso, L. (1998). Occurrence and clinical correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with psychotic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 60–68.
Cosoff, S. J., &; Hafner, R. J. (1998). The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 67–72.
Cutler, J. L., &; Siris, S. G. (1991). “Panic-like” symptomatology in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients with postpsychotic depression: Observations and implications. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32, 465–473.
Emsley, R., Oosthuizen, P., Niehuas, D., &; Stein, D. (2001). Anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia: The need for heightened clinician awareness. Primary Care Psychiatry, 7, 25–29.
Eng, W., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Schneier, F. R., &; Liebowitz, M. R. (2000). An empirical approach to subtype identification in individuals with social phobia. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1345–1357.
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kitchik, R., &; Salkovskis, P (2002). The obsessive-compulsive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14.
Foa, E. B., Kozak, M. J., Salkovskis, P. M., Coles, M. E., &; Amir, N. (1998). The Validation of a new Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 10(3), 206–214.
Gray, J. A. (1995). A model of the limbic system and basal ganglia: Applications to anxiety and schizophrenia. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1165–1176). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Halperin, S., Nathan, P., Drummond, P., &; Castle, D. (2000). A cognitive-behavioral, group-based intervention for social anxiety in schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 809–813.
Huppert, J. D., &; Smith, T. E. (2001). Longitudinal analysis of the contributions of anxiety and depression to quality of life in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 669–675.
Huppert, J. D., Weiss, K. A., Lim, R., Pratt, S., &; Smith, T. E. (2001). Quality of life in schizophrenia: Contributions of anxiety and depression. Schizophrenia Research, 51, 171–179.
Hwang, M. Y., &; Bermanzohn, P. C. (Eds.). (2001). Schizophrenia and Comorbid Conditions. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Kay, D. R., Opler, L. A., &; Fiszbein A. (1992). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Kessler, R. C. (1997). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. In S. Wetzler &; W. C. Sanderson (Eds), Treatment strategies for patients with psychiatric comorbidity (pp. 23–48). New York, NY: Wiley.
Lehman, A. F. (1988). A quality of life interview for the chronically mentally ill. Evaluation and Program Planning, 11, 51–62.
Mattick, R. P., &; Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470.
Mojtabai, R. (1999). Duration of illness and structure of symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 29, 915–924.
Norman, R. M. G., Malla, A. K., Cortese, L., &; Diaz, F. (1998). Aspects of dysphoria and symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1433–1441.
Penn, D. L., Hope, D. A., Spaulding, W., &; Kucera, J. (1994). Social anxiety in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 11, 277–284.
Rawlings, D., &; Freeman, J.L. (1996). A questionnaire for the measurement of paranoia/suspiciousness. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 451–461.
Sands, J. R., &; Harrow, M. (1999). Depression during the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 157–171.
Smith, T. E., Cancro R., &; Lehmann, H. E. (1999). Schizophrenia: Clinical Features. In B. J. Sadock &; V. A. Sadock (Eds.), Kaplan &; Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (7th ed. Vol. 1 pp. 1169–1199), New York, NY: Lippincott Williams &; Wilkins.
Smith, T. E., Hull, J. W., Hadayat-Harris, A., Ryder, G., &; Berger, L. J. (1999). Development of a vertically integrated program of services for persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 50, 931–935.
Smith, T. E., Hull, J. W., Israel, L. M., &; Wilson, D. F. (2000). Insight, symptoms, and neurocognition in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 193–200.
Smith T. E., Liberman R. P., &; Kopelowicz, A. (2001). Schizophrenic Disorders: Rehabilitation. In F. Henn, N. Sartorius, H. Helmchen, &; H. Lauter (Eds), Contemporary psychiatry, Vol. 3: Specific psychiatric disorders (pp.173–180). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Stein, D., &; Hollander, E. (eds). 2002. Textbook of anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Taylor, S. (1999). Anxiety sensitivity. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huppert, J.D., Smith, T.E. & Apfeldorf, W.J. Use of Self-Report Measures of Anxiety and Depression in Outpatients with Schizophrenia: Reliability and Validity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 24, 275–283 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020783101092
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020783101092