Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Understorey versus canopy: patterns of vertical stratification and diversity among Lepidoptera in a Bornean rain forest

  • Published:
Plant Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We studied the vertical distribution of Lepidoptera from a canopy walkway within a dipterocarp rain forest at Kinabalu Park (Borneo) using three different methods: (1) Bait traps to survey fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies, (2) standardized counts for predominantly flower-visiting butterflies and their potential predators, aerial-hawking birds, and (3) attraction by blacklight for hawk- and tiger moths. There was a distinct decrease in the abundance of fruit-feeding nymphalids towards the canopy, probably due to a reduced and less predictable availability of rotting fruits in higher strata. These constraints might also be responsible for a higher abundance variation in the canopy, and a significant shift in size from larger species in the understorey to smaller ones in the canopy. Changes of microclimate and the conspicuous increase of insectivorous aerial-hawking birds from ground to canopy layer may be responsible for the prominent change in species composition of fruit-feeding nymphalids between 20 and 30 m. Nectar-feeding Lepidoptera showed a reversed abundance pattern. One main factor contributing to the much higher abundance of flower-visiting butterflies and moth taxa in the canopy, such as Sphingidae and some Arctiinae, might be the increase of nectar resources available in upper vegetation layers. A distinctly higher diversity in hawkmoths was also found in the canopy. A higher abundance of insectivorous aerial-hawking birds in the canopy might contribute to the shift in body design of fruit-feeding nymphalids from more slender bodies at lower vegetation layers to stouter ones (i.e. species which are stronger on the wing) in the canopy. Larval resources could play an additional role in specialisation on but a small part of the vertical gradient. This may explain stratification pattern of the nymphalid subfamilies Morphinae and Satyrinae. Monocotyledoneous larval food plants of both taxa, whose flight activity is largely restricted to the understorey, occur mostly in lower vegetation layers. Our observations on a wide taxonomic and ecological range of butterflies and moths indicate that tropical forest canopies hold a distinct and unique Lepidoptera fauna, whose species richness and abundance patterns differ from lower strata. However, the notion of tropical forest canopies as peaks of terrestrial diversity does not hold uniformly for all taxa or guilds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achtziger, R., Nigman, U. & Zwölfer, H. 1992. Rarefaction-Methoden und ihre Einsatzmöglichkeiten bei der zooökologischen Zustandsanalyse und Bewertung von Biotopen. Z. Ökologie Naturschutz 1: 89–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackery, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and classification: a review of nymphalid butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 33: 95–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. C. S. 1922. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds Vol. I, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. C. S. 1924. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds Vol. II, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. C. S. 1926. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds Vol. III, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. C. S. 1927. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds Vol. IV, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. R. & Sadovy, Y. 1978. The distance and nature of the light-trap response of moths. Nature 276: 818–821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbault, R. 1988. Body size, ecological constraints, and the evolution of life-history strategies. Evol. Biol. 22: 261–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, N. D. 1994. Size distribution of butterfly species and the effect of latitude on species sizes. Oikos 71: 326–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaman, J. H. & Beaman, R. S. 1990. Diversity and distribution patterns in the flora of Mount Kinabalu. Pp. 147–160. In: Baas, P., Kalkman, K. & Geesink, R. (eds), The plant diversity of Malesia. Kluwer, Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beccaloni, G. W. 1997. Vertical stratification of ithomiine butterfly (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) mimicry complexes: the relationship between adult flight height and larval host-plant height. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 62: 313–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. & Schulze, C. H. 2000. Diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies (Nymphalidae) along a gradient of tropical rain forest succession in Borneo with some remarks on the problem of 'pseudoreplicates'. Trans. lepid. Soc. Japan 51: 89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J., Mühlenberg, E. & Fiedler, K. 1999. Mud-puddling behavior in tropical butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals? Oecologia 119: 140–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, A. T. D. & Cuthill, I. C. 1994. Ultraviolet vision in birds: what is its function? Vision Res. 34: 1471–1478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, T. M., Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. D. 1990. Species number, population density and body size relationships in natural communities. J. Anim. Ecol. 59: 335–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, J. 1982. An analysis of factors affecting catches of insects in light-traps. Bull. entomol. Res. 72: 535–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. H. & Maurer, B. A. 1986. Body size, ecological dominance and Cope's rule. Nature 324: 248–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burd, M. 1994. Butterfly wing colour patterns and flying heights in the seasonally wet forest of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 10: 601–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chai, P. 1990. Relationships between visual characteristics of rain forest butterflies and responses of a specialized insectivorous birds. Pp. 31–60. In: Wickstein, M. (ed.), Adaptive coloration in invertebrates. Proceedings of Symposium sponsored by American Society of Zoologists Galveston: Seagrant College Program, Texas A & M University.

  • Chai, P. & Srygley, R. B. 1990. Predation and the flight, morphology, and temperature of Neotropical rain forest butterflies. Am. Nat. 135: 748–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Church, S. C., Bennett, A. T. D., Cuthill, I. C., Hunt, S., Hart, N. S. & Partridge, J. C. 1998. Does lepidopteran larval crypsis extend into the ultraviolet? Naturwissenschaften 85: 189–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell, R. K. 1997. Estimates: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 5. User's guide and application published at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates.

  • Colwell, R. K. & Coddington J. A. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 345: 101–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Common, I. F. B. 1990. Moths of Australia. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, A. S. & Pendlebury, H. M. 1992. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 4th edition, revised by J. N. Eliot. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

  • Corbet, P. S. 1961. Entomological studies from a high tower in Mpanga Forest, Uganda. X. Observations on Sphingidae (Lepidoptera). Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond 113: 351–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman, J. H., Lawton, J. H. & Manly, B. F. J. 1993. Latitudinal patterns in European ant assemblages: variation in species richness and body size. Oecologia 95: 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dailey, G. C. & Ehrlich, P. R. 1995. Preservation of biodiversity in small rain forest patches: rapid evaluations using butterfly trapping. Biodiv. Cons. 4: 35–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVries, P. J. 1988. Stratification of fruit-feeding nymphalid butter-flies in a Costa Rican rain forest. J. Res. Lepid. 26: 98–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVries, P. J., Murray, D. & Lande, R. 1997. Species diversity in vertical, horizontal, and temporal dimensions of a fruit-feeding butterfly community in an Ecuadorian rain forest. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 62: 343–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, T. L. & Scott, J. C. 1980. Seasonal and size patterns, trophic structure, and richness of Coleoptera in the tropical arboreal ecosystem: The fauna of the tree Luehea seemannii Triana and Planch in the Canal Zone of Panama. Coleopt. Bull. 34: 305–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, K. 1998. Diet breadth and host plant diversity of tropicalversus temperate-zone herbivores: South East Asian and West Palaearctic butterflies as a case study. Ecol. Entomol. 23: 285–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A., Corbet, A. S. & Williams, C. B. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. J. Anim. Ecol. 12: 42–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floren, A. & Linsenmair, K. E. 1994. Zur Diversität und Wiederbesiedlungsdynamik von Arthropoden auf drei Baumarten in einem Regenwald in Sabah, Malaysia. Andrias 13: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floren, A. & Linsenmair, K. E. 2001. Changes in the structure of arboreal arthropod communities in forests of different disturbance levels. Plant Ecol. 153: 153–167 (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, C. M. 1994. Vertical stratification of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) in lowland dipterocarp rain forest in Malaysia. J. Trop. Ecol. 10: 523–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groombridge, B. <nt>(ed.)</nt> 1992. Global biodiversity. Status of the earth's living resources. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hails, C. & Jarvis, F. 1988. Birds of Singapore. Times Edition, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, P. M., Kitching, R. L. & Stork, N. E. 1996. The composition and richness of the tree-crown Coleoptera assemblage in an Australian subtropical forest. Ecotropica 2: 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardie, R. C. 1985. Functional organization of the fly retina. Pp. 1–79. In: Ottoson, D., Autrum, H., Perl, E. R., Schmidt, R. F., Shimazu, H. & Willis, W. D. (eds), Progress in sensory physiology. Vol. 5. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häuser, C. L., Schulze, C. H. & Fiedler, K. 1997. The butterfly species (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Kinabalu Park, Sabah. Raffles Bull. Zool. 45: 281–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, B. A. & Lawton, J. H. 1995. Latitudinal gradients in butterfly body sizes: is there a general pattern? Oecologia 102: 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayek, L.-A. C. & Buzas, M. A. 1997. Surveying natural populations. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, G. M. 1971. A guide to the birds of Ceylon. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. J., Gillison, A. N. & Jones, R. E. 1992. The spatial distribution of rain forest butterflies at three sites in North Queensland, Australia. J. Trop. Ecol. 8: 37–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogenes, W. & Treadaway, C. G. 1998. The Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines. Nach. Entomol. Ver. Apollo, N.F., Suppl. 17: 17–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, J. D. 1976. Moths of Borneo with special reference to Mt. Kinabalu. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, J. D. 1987. The Moths of Borneo. Part 3. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, J. D. 1988. The Moths of Borneo. Part 6. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, D. & Nash, S. 1990. The birds of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Oxford University Press, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, S. H. 1978. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology 59: 67–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. H. E. 1961. Entomological studies from a high tower in Mpanga Forest, Uganda. IX. Observations on Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera). Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 113: 346–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H. 1973. Sweep samples of tropical foliage insects: description on study sites, with data on species abundance and size distributions. Ecology 54: 659–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M., Inoue, T., Hamid, A. A., Nagamitsu, T., Merdek, M. B., Nona, A. R., Itino, T., Yamane, S. & Yumoto, T. 1995. Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. Res. Pop. Ecol. 37: 59–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiltie, R. A. 1993. New light on forest shade. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, B. F., Dickinson, E. C. & Woodcock, M. W. 1980: A field guide to the birds of South-east Asia. Collins, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, K. 1992. An altitudinal transect study of the vegetation on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Vegetatio 102: 149–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitching, R. L. & Zalucki, J. 1996. The biodiversity of arthropods from Australian rain forest canopies: some results on the role of the tree species. Pp. 21–28. In: Edwards, D. S., Booth, W. E. & Choy, S. C. (eds), Tropical rain forest research-current issues. Kluwer, Academic Press, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper Collins Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaBarbera, M. 1989. Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamas, G., Robbins, R. K. & Harvey, D. J. 1991. A preliminary survey of the butterfly fauna of Pakitza, Parque nacional del Manu, Peru, with an estimate of its species richness. Publ. Mus. Hist. nat. UNMSM (A) 40: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, J. H. 1991. Species richness, population abundances, and body sizes in insect communities: tropical versus temperate comparisons. Pp. 71–89. In: Price, P.W., Lewinsohn, T. M., Fernandes, G.W. & Benson, W.W. (eds), Plant-animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions.Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee Tain Choi, D. 1996. Geology of Kinabalu. Pp. 19–29. In: Wong, K. M. & Phillipps, A. (eds), Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo. The Sabah Society & Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemaire, C. & Minet, J. 1999. The Bombycoidea and their relatives. Pp. 321–352. In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 1: Evolution, systematics and biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leó n-Cortés, J. L., Soberó n-Mainero, J. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. 1998. Assessing completeness of Mexican sphinx moths inventories through species accumulation functions. Diversity Distrib. 4: 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments: some theoretical explorations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindström, J., Kaila, L. & Niemelä, P. 1994. Polyphagy and adult body size in geometrid moths. Oecologia 98: 130–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loder, N., Gaston, K. J., Warren, P. H., & Arnold, H. R. 1998. Body size and feeding specificity: macrolepidoptera in Britain. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 63: 121–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longino, J. T. & Nadkarni, N. 1990. A comparison of ground and leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a tropical montane forest. Psyche 97: 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, J. & Phillipps, K. 1993. A field guide to the birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Croom Helm, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKey, D. 1991. Interactions between ants and plants: comparison of canopy, understory and clearing environments. Pp. 66–73. In: Halle, F. & Pascal, O. (eds), Biologie d'une canopée de forê t équatoriale. Longman, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medina, M. C., Robbins, R. K. & Lamas, G. 1996. Vertical stratifi-cation of flight by Ithomiinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Pakitza, Manu National Park, Peru. Pp. 211–216. In: Wilson, D. E. & Sandoval, A. (eds), Manu-the biodiversity of Southeastern Peru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D. R., Stork, N. E. & Lawton, J. H. 1988. Species numbers, species abundance and body length relationships of arboreal beetles in Bornean lowland rain forest trees. Ecol. Entomol. 13: 25–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L. A. 1998. Deep flowers for long tongues. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13: 259–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nylin, S. & Svärd, L. 1991. Latitudinal patterns in the size of European butterflies. Holarctic Ecol. 14: 192–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka, K. 1988. Butterflies of Borneo. Vol. I. Tobishima Corporation, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papageorgis, C. 1975. Mimicry in Neotropical butterflies. Am. Sci. 63: 522–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G. G. 1995. Structure and microclimate of forest canopies. pp. 73–106. In: Lowman, M. D. & Nadkarni, N. M. (eds), Forest canopies. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D. L. 1977. Ecological relationships of small antbirds in Amazonian bird communities. Auk 94: 283–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, A. T. & Slade, N. A. 1998. Extrapolating inventory results into biodiversity estimates and the importance of stopping rules. Diversity. Distrib. 4: 95–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books, Colchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy, D. E. & Service, M.W. 1986. Tropical ecology. Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, C. J. C. 1983. Microclimate and the flying Hemiptera fauna of a primary lowland rain forest in Sulawesi. Pp. 121–136. In: Sutton, S. L., Whitmore, T. C. & Chadwick, A. C. (eds), Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E. & O'Rourke, K. 1975. Aspect diversity in moths: a temperate-tropical comparison. Evolution 29: 313–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, L. 1992. Angewandte Statistik. 7th edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schal, C. 1982. Intraspecific vertical stratification as a mate finding mechanism in tropical cockroaches. Science 215: 1405–1407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoener, T. W. & Janzen, D. H. 1968. Some notes on tropical versus temperate insect size patterns. Am. Nat. 101: 207–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, C. H. & Fiedler, K. 1997a. Patterns of Diversity and Vertical Stratification in Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of a Bornean Rain Forest. Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Entomol. 11: 767–770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, C. H. & Fiedler, K. 1997b. Notes on the biology of Dercas gobrias (Hewitson, 1864) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Coliadinae). Trans. Lepid. Soc. Japan 48: 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, C. H. & Fiedler, K. 1998. Habitat preferences and flight activity of Morphinae butterflies in a Bornean rain forest, with a note on sound production by adult Zeuxidia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Malay. Nat. J. 52: 163–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoble, M. J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity. Oxford.

  • Smith, A. P., Hogan, K. P. & Idol, J. R. 1992. Spatial and temporal patterns of light and canopy structure in a lowland tropical moist forest. Biotropica 24: 503–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srygley, R. B. & Chai, P. 1990. Predation and the elevation of thoracic temperature in brightly colored Neotropical butterflies. Am. Nat. 135: 766–787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srygley, R. B. & Dudley, R. 1993. Correlations of the position of center of body mass with butterfly escape tactics. J. Exp. Biol. 174: 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • StatSoft. 1995. STATISTICA for Windows, vol I-V. StatSoft, Tulsa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stork, N. E. 1987. Guild structure of arthropods from Bornean rain forest trees. Ecol. Entomol. 12: 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stork, N. E. 1991. The composition of the arthropod fauna of Bornean lowland forest trees. J. Trop. Ecol. 7: 161–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Süssenbach, D. & Fiedler, K. 1999. Noctuid moths attracted to fruit baits: testing models and methods of estimating species diversity. Nota Lepid. 22: 115–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S. L. 1983. The spatial distribution of flying insects in tropical rain forests. Pp. 77–91. In: Sutton, S. L., Whitmore, T. C. & Chadwick, A. C. (eds), Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S. L. 1989. The spatial distribution of flying insect. Pp. 427–436. In: Lieth, H. & Werger, M. J. A. (eds), Tropical rain forest ecosystems. Biogeographical and ecological studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S. L., Ash, C. P. J. & Grundy, A. 1983. The vertical stratifi-cation of flying insects in lowland rain forests of Panama, Papua New-Guinea and Brunei. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 287–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tammaru, T. & Haukioja, E. 1996. Capital breeders and income breeders among Lepidoptera-consequences to population dynamics. Oikos 77: 561–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. H. & Lowman, M. D. 1996. Vertical stratification of small mammal community in a northern hardwood forest. Selbyana 17: 15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh, J. 1980. Vertical stratification of a neotropical forest bird community. Proceedings of the 17th International Ornithological Congress, Pp. 1005–1012.

  • Terborgh, J. 1985. The vertical component of plant species diversity in temperate and tropical forests. Am. Nat. 126: 760–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, T. C. 1984. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolda, H. 1981. Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia 50: 296–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, K. M. & Phillipps, A. (eds). 1996. Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo. The Sabah Society & Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoda, K. 1974. Three-dimensional distribution of light intensity in a tropical rain forest of West Malaysia. Jap. J. Ecol. 24: 247–254.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany

    Christian H. Schulze & K. Eduard Linsenmair

  2. Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany

    Konrad Fiedler

Authors
  1. Christian H. Schulze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Eduard Linsenmair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Konrad Fiedler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schulze, C.H., Linsenmair, K.E. & Fiedler, K. Understorey versus canopy: patterns of vertical stratification and diversity among Lepidoptera in a Bornean rain forest. Plant Ecology 153, 133–152 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017589711553

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017589711553

Search

Navigation