Abstract
A northern red oak plantation was established in 1988 in a recently clearcut mixed oak stand to evaluate outplanting performance relative to type of planting stock (1--0, 2--0, 1--1, 2--1, 2-year-old containerized, and direct-seeded) and other cultural factors (undercutting in the nursery, raising stock in an extended growing season in Alabama vs a local Pennsylvania nursery, top-clipping at planting time, and tree shelters). Six years after outplanting, seedlings grown from 2-year-old containerized stock were tallest (averaging 3.3 m) and had excellent survival. Among other treatments, 2--0 bareroot stock, especially if undercut in the nursery and top-clipped at planting, performed best and averaged 3.0 m height and 100% survival. Remaining treatments, especially 1--0, were smaller and had reduced survival. Seedlings from direct-seeding were as tall as most 1--0 treatments. Undercutting, top-clipping, nursery transplanting, raising stock in different nurseries, and tree shelters minimally affected the height or survival of seedlings. Seedlings above average in height 3 years after outplanting when fencing was removed and herbiciding ceased, were most likely to survive after 6 years.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bullard, S., Hodges, J. D., Johnson, R. L. and Straka, T. J. 1992. Economics of direct seeding and planting for establishing oak stands on old-field sites in the South. South. J. Appl. For. 16: 34–40.
Crunkilton, D. D., Garrett, H. E. and Pallardy, S. G. 1989. Growth of northern red oak seedlings planted in a central Missouri clearcut and shelterwood, pp. 81–85. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO–74.
Foster, A. A. and Farmer, R. E. Jr. 1970. Juvenile growth of planted northern red oak: Effects of fertilization and size of planting stock. Tree Plant. Notes 21(1): 4–7.
George, D. W., Bowersox, T. W. and McCormick, L. H. 1991. Effectiveness of electric deer fences to protect planted seedlings in Pennsylvania, pp. 395–401. In: McCormick, L. H. and Gottschalk, K. W. (Eds) Proc. 8th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. UDSA For. Serv. Northeast For. Exper. Sta. Gen. Tech Rep. NE–148.
Gordon, A. M., Simpson, J. A. and Willliams, P. A. 1992. Shelterwood harvesting and underplanting to enhance the red oak component of shallow-site forests in central Ontario: 6-yr results (abstract), p. 10. In: 5th Workshop on Seedling Physiology and Growth Problems in Oak Plantations. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC–158.
Higbee, H. W. 1944. Soil Survey of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. USDA, Agricultural Research Administration in Cooperation with the School of Agriculture and Experiment Station of the Pennsylvania State College, 146 p.
Hines, J. E. and Sauer, J. R. 1989. Program Contrast – A General Program for the Analysis of Several Survival or Recovery Rate Estimates. USDI Fish and Wildlife Serv. Fish and Wildlife Tech. Rep. #24, 7 p.
Johnson, P. S. 1981. Nursery stock requirements for oak planting in upland forests. In: Proc. Northeast. Area Nurserymen's Conf., pp. 2–19. USDA For. Serv., Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Broomall, PA. 64 p.
Johnson, P. S. 1988. Undercutting alters root morphology and improves field performance of northern red oak, pp. 316–323. In: Proceedings of the Tenth North American Forest Biology Workshop, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C., Canada. July 20–22, 1988.
Johnson, P. S., Novinger, S. L. and Mares, W. G. 1984. Root shoot and leaf area growth potentials of northern red oak planting stock. For. Sci. 30: 1017–1026.
Johnson, P. S., Dale, C. D. Davidson, K. R. and Law, J. R. 1986. Planting northern red oak in the Missouri Ozarks: a prescription. North. J. Appl. For. 3: 66–68.
Kittredge, D. B., Kelty, M. J. and Ashton, P.M. S. 1992. The use of tree shelters with northern red oak natural regeneration in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 9: 141–145.
Kolb, T. E. and Steiner, K. C. 1989. Genetic variation among and within single-tree progenies of northern red oak. Forest Sci. 35: 251–256.
Lantagne, D. O., Ramm, C. W. and Dickmann, D. I. 1990. Tree shelters increase heights of planted oaks in a Michigan clearcut. North. J. Appl. For. 7: 24–26.
Limstrom, G. A. 1963. Forest Planting Practices in the Central States. USDA Agric. Handb. 247, 69 p.
Marquis, D. A. 1983. Management strategies for successful regeneration: northern hardwoods, pp. 214–235. In: Regenerating Hardwood Stands, Proc. 1983 Penn State For. Issues Conf.
McNeel, C. A., Hix, D. M. and Townsend, E. C. 1993. Survival and growth of planted northern red oak in northernWest Virginia, pp. 222–228. In: Gillespie A. R., Parker, G. R. and Pope, P. E. (Eds) Proc. 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. USDA North Cent. For. Exper. Sta. Gen Tech. Rep. NC–161.
Minter, W. F., Myers, R. K. and Fischer, B. C. 1992. Effects of tree shelters on northern red oak seedlings planted in harvested forest openings. North. J. Appl. For. 9: 58–63.
Myers, R. K., Fischer, B. C. and Wright, G. M. 1989. Survival and Development of Underplanted Northern Red Oak Seedlings: 6-year Results. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC–132, pp. 150–155.
Pope, P. E. 1993. Oak Regeneration viaSeedling Planting: Historical Perspective and Current Status. Agric. Res. Prog. Bull SB670, Purdue University, 36 pp.
Russell, T. E. 1973. Survival and growth of bar-slit planted northern red oak studied in Tennessee. Tree Planters' Notes 24(3): 6–8.
Sauer, J. R. and Williams, B. K. 1989. Generalized procedures for testing hypothesis about survival or recovery rates. J. Wildl. Manage. 53(1): 137–142.
Schultz, R. C. and Thompson, J. R. 1991. The quality of oak seedlings needed for successful artificial regeneration in the central states, pp. 180–186. In: Laursen, S. B. and DeBoe, J. F. (Eds) Proc. The Oak Resource in the Upper Midwest St. Mary's College, Winona, MN. June 3–6, 1991.
Schultz, R. C. and Thompson, J. R. 1992. Red oak seedlings produced at three nursery bed densities and undercut or not undercut: Fourth year field results (abstract), p. 15. In: 5th workshop on seedling physiology and growth problems in oak plantations. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC–158.
Struve, D. K. and McKeand, S. E. 1993. A means of accelerating red oak genetic tests. Annales des Sci. For. 50(suppl 1): 410s–415s.
Teclaw, R.M. and Isebrands, J. G. 1991. Artificial regeneration of northern red oak in the Lake States, pp. 187–197. In: Laursen, S. B. and DeBoe, J. F. (Eds) Proc. The Oak Resource in the Upper Midwest. St. Mary's College, Winona, MN. June 3–6, 1991.
Weigel, D. R. 1992. Undercutting and shoot clipping influence field performance of northern red oak five years after overstory removal, p. 6. In: 5thWorkshop on Seedling Physiology and Growth Problems in Oak Plantations (Abstract). USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC–158.
Wendel, G. W. 1980. Growth and survival of planted northern red oak seedlings in West Virginia. South. J. Appl. Forestry 4: 49–54.
Zaczek, J. J., Steiner, K. C. and Bowersox, T. W. 1993. Performance of northern red oak planting stock. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3): 105–111.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zaczek, J.J., Steiner, K.C. & Bowersox, T.W. Northern red oak planting stock: 6-year results. New Forests 13, 177–191 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006578007777
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006578007777