Abstract
The Granier-system, a relatively simple and continuous method for measuring sap flux density, has been adapted and evaluated for its use in older, mature grapevines. The original calibration of Granier (1985, Annales Sciences Forestieres, 42, 193-200) could be extended to a sap flux density of up to 400 10-6 m3 m-2 s-1 with only little error at high flux densities. A time lag of around 20 min was apparent between transpiration and calculated sap flow which was attributed to the thermal mass of the sensors themselves. The time lag and the consequently dampened response of the system caused a very low accuracy over short time periods thus reducing the value for detailed plant physiological investigations. However, when integrating over longer time intervals, much of the error cancelled out. For daily values the maximum error was within ±10% and after a period of 89 days only 1.5% error remained. This method is thus best suited for long term measurements of total water use.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ansley R J, Dugas W A, Heuer M L and Trevino B A 1994 Stem flow and porometer measurements of transpiration from honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). J. Exp. Bot. 45, 847–856.
Baker J M and Nieber J L 1989 An analysis of the steady-state heat balance method for measuring sap flow in plants Agric. Forest Meteorol. 48, 93–109.
Cabibel B and Do F 1991 Mesures thermiques des flux de seve dans les troncs et les racines et fonctionnement hydrique des arbres. 1. Analyse theorique des erreurs sur la mesure des flux et validation des mesures en presence de gradients thermiques exterieurs. Agronomie 11, 669–678.
Cermak J, Ulehla J, Kucera J and Penka M 1982 Sap flow rate and transpiration dynamics in the full-grown Oak (Quercus robus L.) in floodplain forest exposed to seasonal floods as related to potential evapotranspiration and tree dimensions. Biol. Plant. 24, 446–460.
Eastham J and Gray S A 1998 A preliminary evaluation of the suitability of sap flow sensors for use in scheduling vineyard irrigations. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 49, 171–176.
Fichtner K and Schulze E-D 1990 Xylem water flow in tropical vines as measured by a steady state heating method. Oecologia 82, 355–361.
Granier A 1985 Une nouvelle methode pour la mesure du flux de seve brute dans le tronc des arbres. Annales Sciences Forestieres 42, 193–200.
Granier A 1987 Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements. Tree Physiol. 3, 309–319.
Green S R and Clothier B E 1988 Water use of kiwifruit vines and apple trees by the heat-pulse technique. J. Exp. Bot. 39, 115–123.
Grime V L, Morison J I L and Simmonds L P 1995 Including the heat storage term in sap flow measurements with the stem heat balance method. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 74, 1–25.
Köstner B, Granier A and Cermak J 1998 Sap flow measurements in forest stands: methods and uncertainties. Annales Sciences Forestieres 55, 13–27.
Lascano R J, Baumhardt R L and Lipe W N 1992 Measurement of water flow in young grapevines using the stem heat balance method. Amer. J. Enol. Vitic. 43, 159–165.
Melnik, S A and Siglowskaja, W I 1958 Ampelometrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Blattfläche. Weinberg und Keller 5, 90.
Pearcy R W, Schulze E-D and Zimmermann R 1989 Measurement of transpiration and leaf conductancea. In Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. Eds R W Pearcy, J Ehleringer, H A Mooney and P W Rundel. pp 137–160. Chapman and Hall, London, New York.
Schenk W 1975 Untersuchungen über die Verwachsungsvorgänge bei Propfreben. Weinberg Keller 22, 55–70.
Schulze E-D, Cermak J, Matyssek R, Penka M Zimmermann R, Vasicek F, Gries W and Kucera J 1985 Canopy transpiration and water fluxes of the trunk of Larix and Picea trees-a comparison of xylem flow, porometer and cuvette measurements. Oecologia 66, 475–483.
Shackel K A, Johnson R S, Medawar C K and Phene C J 1992 Substantial errors in estimates of sap flow using the heat balance technique on woody stems under field conditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117, 351–356.
Weibel F P and Vos J A D 1994 Transpiration measurements on apple trees with an improved stem heat balance method. Plant Soil 166, 203–219.
Yunusa I A M, Walker R R and Blackmore D H 1997a Characterisation of water use by Sultana grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) on their own roots or on Ramsey rootstock drip-irrigated with water of different salinities. Irrig. Sci. 17, 77–86.
Yunusa I A M, Walker R R and Guy J R 1997b. Partitioning of seasonal evapotranspiration from a commercial furrow-irrigated Sultana vineyard. Irrig. Sci. 18, 45–54.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Braun, P., Schmid, J. Sap flow measurements in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) 2. Granier measurements. Plant and Soil 215, 47–55 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004708119821
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004708119821