Skip to main content
Log in

Spatial and Biological Aspects of Reserve Design

  • Published:
Environmental Modeling & Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The optimal spatial design of protected reserves requires attention to the biological mechanisms underlying community organization, and sustaining ecosystem services. Identifying the key mechanisms is especially difficult in species-rich ecosystems. We investigate the example of the tropical rainforest, a biome that is under threat of continuing fragmentation, yet which shelters the majority of living species on Earth. Simple dynamic and spatially explicit simulations, which model the dynamics of plant communities, allow us to elucidate the interplay between patterns of fragmentation and seed dispersal mechanisms in maintaining biodiversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Gomez-Pompa, C. Vasquez-Yanes and S. Guevara, The tropical rainforest: A non-renewable resource, Science 177 (1972) 762–765.

    Google Scholar 

  2. A.H. Gentry, Tree species richness of upper amazonian forests, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 85 (1988) 156–159.

    Google Scholar 

  3. H. ter Steege, D. Sabatier, H. Castellanos, T. van Andel, J. Duivenvoorden, A.A. de Oliveira, R. Ek, R. Lilwah, P. Maas and S. Mori, An analysis of floristic composition and diversity of the Amazonian forests including those of the Guiana Shield, Journal of Tropical Ecology 16 (2000) 801–828.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. Fjeldså and C. Rahbek, Species richness and endemism in South American birds: Implications for the design of networks of nature reserve, in: Tropical Forest Remnants – Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities, eds. W.F. Laurence and R.O. Bierregaard, Jr. (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997) pp. 466–982.

    Google Scholar 

  5. [5] World Bank, World Development Report 1994 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. Grieser Johns, Timber Production and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Rain Forests, Cambridge Studies in Applied Ecology and Resource Management (Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 225.

  7. J.A. Duke, Tropical botanical extractives, in: Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products, eds. M. Plotkin and L. Famolare (Island Press, Washington, DC, 1992) pp. 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  8. O. Phillips, A.H. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin and B.C. Gálvez-Durand, Quantitative ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation, Conservation Biology 8 (1994) 225–248.

    Google Scholar 

  9. S.L. Pimm and J.H. Lawton, Planning for biodiversity, Science 279 (1998) 2068–2069.

    Google Scholar 

  10. FAO, State of theWorld's Forests (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  11. J.B. Hughes, G.C. Daily and P.R. Ehrlich, Population diversity: Its extent and extinction, Science 278 (1996) 689–692.

    Google Scholar 

  12. R.A. Houghton, D.L. Skole, C.A. Nobre, J.L. Hackler, K.T. Lawrence and W.H. Chomentowski, Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon, Nature 403 (2000) 301–304.

    Google Scholar 

  13. C. Körner, Biosphere responses to CO2 enrichment, Ecological Applications 10 (2000) 1590–1619.

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. Cutler, Nested faunas and extinction in fragmented habitats, Conservation Biology 5 (1991) 496–505.

    Google Scholar 

  15. W.F. Laurence and R.O. Bierregaard, Jr. (eds.), Species richness and endemism in South American birds: Implications for the design of networks of nature reserve, in: Tropical Forest Remnants – Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997) pp. 466–982.

  16. M.A. Clemens, C.S. ReVelle and J.C. Williams, Reserve design for species preservation, European Journal of Operational Research 112 (1999) 273–283.

    Google Scholar 

  17. C. Kremen, J.O. Niles, M.G. Dalton, G.C. Daily, P.R. Ehrlich, J.P. Fay, D. Grewal and R.P. Guillery, Economic incentives for rain forest conservation across scales, Science 288 (2000) 1828–1832.

    Google Scholar 

  18. L.G. Underhill, Optimal and suboptimal reserve selection algorithms, Biological Conservation 70 (1994) 85–87.

    Google Scholar 

  19. R.L. Pressey, H.P. Possingham and C.R. Margules, Optimality in reserve selection algorithms: When does it matter and how much?, Biological Conservation 76 (1996) 259–267.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J.R. Prendergast, R.M. Quinn and J.H. Lawton, The gaps between theory and practice in selecting nature reserves, Conservation Biology 13 (1999) 484–492.

    Google Scholar 

  21. P.H. Williams and M.B. Araujo, Using probability of persistence to identify important areas for biodiversity conservation, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267 (2000) 1959–1966.

    Google Scholar 

  22. K.M. Virolainen, T. Virola, J. Suhonen, M. Kuitunen, A. Lammi and P. Siikamäki, Selecting networks of nature reserves: Models do affect the long-term outcome, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266 (1999) 1141–1446.

    Google Scholar 

  23. H. Tuomisto, What satellite imagery and large-scale field studies can tell about biodiversity patterns in Amazonian forests, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (1998) 48–62.

    Google Scholar 

  24. D.A. Clark, Deciphering landscape mosaics of neotropical trees: GIS and systematic sampling provide new views of tropical rainforest diversity, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (1998) 18–33.

    Google Scholar 

  25. G. Daily (ed.), Nature's Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (Island Press, Washington DC, 1997) pp. 392.

    Google Scholar 

  26. P. Dasgupta, S. Levin and J. Lubchenco, Economic pathways to ecological sustainability, BioScience 50 (2000) 339–345.

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. Terborgh and B. Winter, A method for siting parks and reserves with special reference to Colombia and Ecuador, Biological Conservation 27 (1983) 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A.E. Lugo, Management of tropical biodiversity, Ecological Applications 5 (1995) 956–961.

    Google Scholar 

  29. S. Keel, A.H. Gentry and L. Spinzi, Using vegetation analysis to facilitate the selection of conservation sites in eastern Paraguay, Conservation Biology 7 (1993) 66–75.

    Google Scholar 

  30. M.J. Soberón and B.J. Llorente, The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness, Conservation Biology 7 (1993) 480–488.

    Google Scholar 

  31. C. Kremen, Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring, Ecological Applications 2 (1992) 203–217.

    Google Scholar 

  32. D.L. Pearson and S.S. Carroll, Global patterns of species richness: Spatial models for conservation planning using bioindicator and precipitation data, Conservation Biology 12 (1998) 809–821.

    Google Scholar 

  33. D.B. Lindenmayer, C.R. Margules and D.B. Botkin, Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management, Conservation Biology 14 (2000) 941–950.

    Google Scholar 

  34. D. Simberloff, Species turnover and equilibrium island biogeography, Science 194 (1976) 572–578.

    Google Scholar 

  35. B.L. Zimmerman and R.O. Bierregaard, Relevance of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and species-area relations to conservation with a case from Journal of Biogeography 13 (1986) 133–143.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R. Condit, S.P. Hubbell, J.V. LaFrankie, R. Sukumar, N. Manokaran, R.B. Foster and P.S. Ashton, Species-area and species-individual relationships for tropical trees: A comparison of three 50-ha plots, Journal of Ecology 84 (1996) 549–562.

    Google Scholar 

  37. J.H. Lawton, D.E. Bignell, B. Bolton, G.F. Bloemers, P. Eggleton, P.M. Hammond, M. Hodda, R.D. Holt, T.B. Larsen, N.A. Mawdsley, N.E. Stork, D.S. Srivastava and A.D. Watt, Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest, Nature 391 (1998) 72–76.

    Google Scholar 

  38. T.J. Givnish, On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity, Journal of Ecology 87 (1999) 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  39. P. Chesson, Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity, Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 31 (2000) 343–366.

    Google Scholar 

  40. F.R. Adler and B. Nuernberger, Persistence in patchy irregular landscapes, Theoretical Population Biology 45 (1994) 41–75.

    Google Scholar 

  41. S.W. Pacala, C.D. Canham, J.A.J. Silander, R.K. Kobe and E. Ribbens, Forest models defined by field measurements: Estimation, error analysis and dynamics, Ecological Monographs 66 (1996) 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  42. D.H. Deutschman, S.A. Levin, C. Devine and L. Buttel, Scaling from trees to forests: Analysis of a complex simulation model, Science 277 (1997) 1688.

    Google Scholar 

  43. J. Chave, Study of structural, successional and spatial patterns in tropical rain forests using TROLL, a spatially explicit forest model, Ecological Modelling 124 (1999) 233–254.

    Google Scholar 

  44. D.L. DeAngelis and L.J. Gross (eds.), Individual-Based Models and Approaches in Ecology (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  45. R. Durrett and S.A. Levin, Spatial models for species-area curves, Journal of Theoretical Biology 179 (1996) 119–127.

    Google Scholar 

  46. S.P. Hubbell, The Unified Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Monographs in Population Biology 32 (Princeton University Press, 2001).

  47. J. Chave, H.C. Muller-Landau and S. Levin, Comparing classical community models: Theoretical consequences for patterns of diversity, American Naturalist, in press.

  48. P. Köhler, J. Chave, B. Riéra and A. Huth, Long-term response of tropical rain forests to the effects of fragmentation, Conservation Biology, submitted.

  49. D.J.D. Earn, S.A. Levin and P. Rohani, Coherence and conservation, Science 17 (2000) 1360–1364.

    Google Scholar 

  50. E.G. Leigh, Jr., S.J. Wright, E.A. Herre and F.E. Putz, The decline of diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: A test of a null hypothesis and some implications, Evolutionary Ecology 7 (1993) 76–102.

    Google Scholar 

  51. P. Beier and R.F. Noss, Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conservation Biology 12 (1998) 1241–1252.

    Google Scholar 

  52. K. Riiters, J. Wickham, R. O'Neill, B. Jones and E. Smith, Globalscale patterns of forest fragmentation, Conservation Ecology 4 (2000) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  53. J.G. Liu and P.S. Ashton, FORMOSAIC: An individual-based spatially explicit model for simulating forest dynamics in landscape mosaics, Ecological Modelling 106 (1998) 177–200.

    Google Scholar 

  54. R.D. Holt, S.W. Pacala, T.W. Smith and J. Liu, Linking contemporary vegetation models with spatially explicit animal population models, Ecological Applications 5 (1995) 20–27.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chave, J., Wiegand, K. & Levin, S. Spatial and Biological Aspects of Reserve Design. Environmental Modeling & Assessment 7, 115–122 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015601800181

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015601800181

Keywords

Navigation