Abstract
It is clear that only a small proportion of all micro-organisms have been isolated and identified. The simple technique of seeking a thermotolerant fermentative yeast from a suitable hot environment has yielded a number of strains. These organisms, identified as strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus, have been shown to have a wide range of metabolic capabilities that could be used in industrial applications. Not only have the metabolic capabilities been elucidated but possible bioreactor configurations and process application options have been investigated. It appears that there are a number of specific situations where this thermotolerant yeast could find industrial applications. A full-scale industrial ethanol production trial using this yeast was successfully carried out in India. K. marxianus IMB3's performance in terms of the ethanol concentrations achieved was comparable to that obtained using the distillery's own yeast strain with an added advantage of eliminating cooling.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alsaker, J. 1989 The Science and Technology of Whiskies, eds. Piggott, J.R., Sharpe, R. & Duncan, R.E.B. pp. 360–394. UK, Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 0–58204428–6.
Bakoyianis, V., Kana, K., Kalliafas, A. & Koutinas, A. 1993 Low-temperature continuous wine making by kissiris-supported biocatalyst volatile by-products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41, 465–468.
Banat, I.M. & Marchant, R. 1995 Characterization and potential industrial applications of five novel, thermotolerant, fermentative, yeast strains. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11, 304–306.
Banat, I.M., Nigam, P. & Marchant, R. 1992 Isolation of thermotolerant, fermentative yeasts growing at 52 °C and producing ethanol at 45 °C and 50 °C. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 8, 259–263.
Banat, I.M., Nigam, P., Singh, D., Marchant, R. & McHale, A. 1998 Ethanol production at elevated temperatures and alcohol concentrations: A Review; Part I–Yeast in General. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 14, 809–821 (this volume).
Banat, I.M., Singh, D. & Marchant, R. 1996 The use of a thermotolerant fermentative Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 yeast strain for ethanol production. ACTA Biotechnologica 16, 215–223.
Barker, T.W., Quinn, J.P. & Marchant, R. 1982 The use of a mixed culture of Geotrichum candidum, Candida crusei and Hansenula anomala for microbial protein production from whiskey distillery spent-wash. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 14, 247–253.
Barker, T.W., Patton, A.M. & Marchant, R. 1983 Composition and nutritional evaluation of microbial biomass grown on whiskey distillery spent-wash. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34, 638–646.
Barron, N., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1994 Growth of a thermotolerant ethanol-producing strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus on cellobiose containing media. Biotechnology Letters 16, 625–630.
Barron, N., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995a Studies on the use of a thermotolerant strain of in simultaneous saccharification and ethanol formation from cellulose. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 43, 518–520.
Barron, N., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995b Partial characterization of β-glucosidase activity produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on cellobiose-containing media at 45 °C. Biotechnology Letters 17, 1047–1050.
Barron, N., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1996a Ethanol production from cellulose at 45 °C using a batch-fed system containing alginate-immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 12, 103–104.
Barron, N., Rollan, A., Marchant, R., Higgins, D. & McHale, A.P. 1996b use of carbohydrate-supplemented distillery spentwash as a medium for ethanol production by a thermotolerant strain of yeast at 45 °C. Biotechnology Techniques 10, 349–352.
Barron, N., Brady, D., Love, G., Marchant, R., Nigam P., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1996c Alginate-immobilized thermotolerant yeast for conversion of cellulose to ethanol. In Immobilized Cells: Basics and Applications, eds. Wijffels, R.H., Buitelaar, R.M., Bucke, C. & Tramper, J. pp. 379–383. Netherlands, Elsevier Science. ISBN 0–44481984–3.
Barron, N., Mulholland, H., Boyle, M. & McHale, A.P. 1997 Ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on straw-supplemented whiskey distillery spent-wash at 45 °C. Bioprocess Engineering 17, 383–386.
Booth, R.J. & Lightfoot, C.J. 1990 The reticulation of ethanol stillage through irrigation system and its use for fertilization of sugarcane in Zimbabwe. Agricultural Water Management 17, 49–58.
Boyle, M., Barron, N. & McHale, A.P. 1997 Simultaneous sacchari fication and fermentation of straw to ethanol using the thermotolerant yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Biotechnology Letters 19, 49–51.
Brady, D., Logan, S.R. & McHale, A.P. 1998 The effect of soluble alginate and calcium on beta-galactosidase activity produced by the thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Bioprocess Engineering 18, 101–104.
Brady, D., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1994 Production of ethanol by the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on lactose containing media. Biotechnology Letters 16, 737–740.
Brady, D., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995 The effects of Mn2+ on ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on lactose-containing media at 45 °C. Biotechnology Letters 17, 233–236.
Brady, D., Nigam, P., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1996a Ethanol production at 45 °C by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in magnetically responsive alginate matrices. Biotechnology Letters 18, 1213–1216.
Brady, D., McHale, J. & McHale, A.P. 1996b Magnetically responsive alginate-based biocatalysts: applications in space biotechnology. Proceedings Sixth European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space. pp. 339–343. Trondheim, Norway, ESA Sp-390.
Brady, D., Nigam, P., Marchant, R. & McHale, A.P. 1997a Ethanol production at 45 °C by alginate-immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on lactose-containing media. Bioprocess Engineering 16, 101–104.
Brady, D., Nigam, P., Marchant, R., Singh, D. & McHale, A.P. 1997b The effect of Mn2+ on ethanol production from lactose using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized magnetically responsive. Bioprocess Engineering 17, 31–34.
Bridgewater, A.V. & Double, J.M. (1994) Production costs of liquid fuels from biomass. International Journal of Energy Research 18, 79–95.
Bunni, L., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1990 cDNA cloning and expression of a T. emersonii alpha-amylase encoding genetic determinant in S. Cerevisiae. In Processing and Quality of Foods, Vol. 2 eds. Zeuthen P., Cheftel, J.C., Eriksson, C., Gormley, T.R., Linko, P., Paulus, K. pp 174–280. Amsterdam: Elsevier Applied Publications. ISBN 1–85166496–3.
Bustard, M., Donnellan, N., Rollan, A., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1996 The effect of pulse field strength on electric field stimulated biosorption of uranium by Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Biotechnology Letters 18, 479–482.
Bustard, M., Donnellan, N., Rollan, A. & McHale, A.P. 1997 Studies on the biosorption of uranium by a thermotolerant ethanol-producing strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Bioprocess Engineering 17, 45–50.
Carlotti, A., Jacob, F., Perrier, J. & Poncet, S. 1990 Yeast production from crude sweet whey by a mixed culture of Candida keyfyr LY496 and Candida valida LY497. Biotechnology Letters 13, 437–440.
Chen, K.C., Lee, T.C. & Houng, J.Y. 1992 Search methods for the optimal medium for the production of lactase by Kluyveromyces fragilis. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 14, 659–664.
Dahiya, D.S., Koshy, M., Dhamija, S.S., Yadav, B.S. & Tauro, P. 1982 Spent wash recycling for molasses fermentation. International Sugar Journal, Ltd. 84(1004), 232–235.
Donnellan, N., Rollan, A., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995 The effect of electric field stimulation of the biosorption of uranium by non-living biomass derived from Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Biotechnology Letters 17, 439–442.
Dorenburg, H. & Knorr, D. 1993 Cellular permeabilization of cultured plant-tissues by high electric field pulses or ultra high-pressure for the recovery of secondary metabolites. Food Biotechnology 7, 35–48.
Ferguson, P., Mulholland, H., Barron, N., Brady, D. & McHale, A.P. 1998 Sucrose-supplemented distillery spent-wash as a medium for production of ethanol at 45 °C by free and alginate-immobilized preparations of Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Bioprocess Engineering 18, 257–259.
Fleming, M., Barron, N., McHale, L., Marchant, R. & McHale, A.P. 1993 Studies on the growth of a thermotolerant yeast strain, Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3, on sucrose containing media. Biotechnology Letters 15, 1195–1198.
Gadd, G.M. & White, C. 1993 Microbial treatment of metal pollution–a working biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology 11, 353–359.
Gautam, S.P., Gupta, A.K. & Pandey, S. 1993 Hybrid construction by fusion of protoplasts of Endomycopsis fibuligera and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cytobios 73, 183–188.
Gough, S., Flynn, O, Hack, C.J. & Marchant, R. 1996 Fermentation of molasses using a thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3: simplex optimization of media supplements. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 46, 187–190.
Gough, S., Brady, D., Nigam, P. Marchant, R. & McHale, A.P. 1997 Production of ethanol from molasses at 45 °C using alginate-immobilized Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Bioprocess Engineering 16, 389–392.
Hack, C.J., Marchant, R. & McClean, W. 1994 The use of oxygen uptake rate to optimize air feed rate to a continuous ethanol fermentation. Prehrambeno-technoloska I biotechnoloska revija 32, 187–190.
Hack, C.J. & Marchant, R. 1995 The effect of oxygen transfer rate on continuous ethanol fermentation by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Prehrambeno-technoloska I biotechnoloska revija 33, 151–154.
Harrison, D.E.F. 1978 Mixed cultures in industrial processes. In Advances in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 24 ed. Perlman, D. pp 129–164. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0–12–002624–4.
Heller, R. 1992 Spectrofluorometric assay for the quantitiation of cell tissue electrofusion. Analytical Biochemistry 202, 286–292.
Kallel-Mhiri, H., Valance, C., Engasser, J.M. & Miclo, A. 1994 Yeast continuous mixed cultures on whey permeate and hydrolysed starch. Process Biochemistry 29, 381–386.
Kana, K., Kanellaki, M., Psarianos, C. & Koutinas A. 1989 Ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on mineral kissiris. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 68, 144–147.
Kana, K., Kanellaki, M., Papadimitriou, A. & Koutinas A. 1991 Cause of and methods to reduce methanol content of Tsicondia, Tsipouro and Ouzo. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 26, 241–247.
Kida, K., Nakano, Y., Sonoda, Y., Nomura, T. & Tomita, Y. 1993 Efficient removal of NH +4 accumulated during anaerobic treatment of distillery waste-water from Shochu making. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 75, 304–308.
Koutinas, A.A., Gourdoupis, C., Psarianos, C., Kaliafas, A. & Kanellaki, M. 1991 Continuous potable alcohol production by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae on mineral kissiris. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 30, 203–216.
Koutinas, A.A., Kanellaki, K., Lycourghiotis, A., Typas, M.A. & Drainas, C. 1988 Ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis entrapped in alumina pellets. Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 28, 235–239.
Lawther, J.M., Sun, R.C. & Banks, W.B. 1995 Extraction, fractionation and characterization of structural polysaccharides from wheat straw. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 43, 667–675.
Love, G., Gough, S., Brady, D., Barron, N., Nigam, P., Singh, D., Marchant, R. & McHale, A.P. 1988 continuous ethanol fermentation at 45 °C using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Immobilized in calcium alginate and kissiris. Bioprocess Engineering 18, 187–189.
Love, G., Nigam, P., Barron, N., Singh, D., Marchant, R. & McHale, A.P. 1996 Ethanol production at 45 °C using preparations of Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in calcium alginate and kissiris. Bioprocess Engineering 15, 275–277.
Lozinsky, V.I., Zubov, A.L. & Titova, E.F. 1997 Poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogels employed as matrices for cell immobilization 2. Entrapped cells resemble porous fillers in their effects on the properties of PVA-cryogel carrier. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 20, 182–190.
Mahmoud, M.M. & Kosikowski, F.V. 1982 Alcohol and single cell protein production by Kluyveromyces in concentrated whey permeate with reduced ash. Journal of Diary Science 65, 2082–2087.
Mamma, D., Christakopoulos, P., Koullas, D., Kekos, D., Macris, B. & Koukios, E. 1995 An alternative approach to the bioconversion of sweet sorghum carbohydrates to ethanol. Biomass Bioengineering 8, 99–103.
Margaritis, A., Bajpai, P. & Wallace, J. 1981 High ethanol productivity using small calcium alginate beads of immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis. Biotechnology Letters 3, 613–618.
Margaritis, A. Rowe, C.E. 1983 Ethanol productivity using Zymomonas mobilis immobilized in different carrageenan cells. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 24, 329–336.
Mawson, A.J. 1988 Yeast biomass production from whey permeate. Biotechnology Letters 1, 503–508.
Mazid, M.A. 1993 Biocatalysis and immobilized enzyme cell reactors. Bio/Technology 11, 690–695.
McCabe, A., Barron, N., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995 Increased efficiency of substrate utilization by exposure of the thermotolerant yeast-strain, Kluyveromyces marxianus to electric-field stimulation. Biotechnology Techniques 9, 133–136.
Moniruzzaman, M. 1995 Alcohol fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate of exploded rice straw by Pichia stipilis. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11, 646–648.
Mozes, N. & Rouxhet, P.G. 1985 Metabolic activity of yeast immobilized as supported monolayer. Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 22, 92–97.
Muraji, M., Tatebe, W., Kowishi, T., Fujii, T. & Berg, H. 1993 Effect of electrical energy on the electropermeabilization of yeast cells. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 31, 77–84.
Nigam, P., Banat, I.M., Singh, D., McHale, A.P. & Marchant, R. 1996 Continuous ethanol production by thermotolerant Km IMB3 yeast immobilized on mineral kissiris at 45 °C. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 13, 283–288.
Nigam, P. & Singh, D. 1995 Enzyme and microbial systems involved in starch processing. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 17, 770–778.
Nilsson, U., Barron, N., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995 The effects of phosphoric and pretreatment on conversion of cellulose to ethanol at 45 °C using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Biotechnology Letters 17, 985–988.
Nolan, A.M., Barron, N., Brady, D., McAree, T., Smith, D., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1994 Ethanol production at 45 °C by an alginate-immobilized strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus following growth on glucose-containing media. Biotechnology Letters 16, 849–52.
Philippidis, G.P., Smith, T.K. & Wyman, C.E. 1993 Study of the enzyme hydrolysis for production of fuel ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41, 846–853.
Riordan, C., Love, G., Barron, N., Nigam, P., Marchant, R., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1996 Production of ethanol from sucrose at 45 °C by alginate-immobilized preparations of the thermotolerant yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Bioresource Technology 55, 171–173.
Rose, D. 1976 Yeasts for molasses alcohol. Process Biochemistry 3, 10–12.
Rosi, I., Vinella, M. & Dominizio, P. 1994 Characterization of ?-glucosidase activity in yeast of enological origin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 77, 519–527.
Rouxhet, P.G., van Haecht, J.L., Didelez, J., Gerard, P. & Briquet, M. 1981 Immobilization of yeast cells by entrapment and adhesion using siliceous materials. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 3, 49–54.
Simpson, J., Brady, D., Rollan, A., Barron, N., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995 Increased ethanol production during growth of electric-field stimulated Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on lactose-containing media at 45 °C. Biotechnology Letters 17, 757–760.
Singh, D., Dahiya, J.S. & Nigam, P. 1995 Simultaneous raw starch hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation by glucoamylase from Rhizoctonia solani and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Basic Microbiology 35, 117–121.
Singh, D., Banat, I.M., Nigam, P. & Marchant, R. 1998 Industrial scale ethanol production using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 in an Indian distillery. Biotechnology Letters 20, 753–755
Sitton, O.C. & Grady, J.L. 1980 Ethanol production in an immobilized-cell reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22, 1735–1748.
Smidsrød, O. & Skjaek Break, G. 1990 Alginates as immobilization matrices for cells. Trends in Biotechnology 8, 348–352.
Stewart, D., Wilson, H.M., Hendra, P.J. & Morrison, I.M. 1995 Fourier-transform infrared and Raman-Spectroscopic study of biochemical and chemical treatments of Oak wood (Quercus Rubra) and barley straw. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, 2219–2225.
Sweeney, D.W. & Graetz, D.A. 1991 Application of distillery waste anaerobic digester effluent to St. Augustinegrass. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 33, 341–351.
Tsoutsas, T., Kanellaki, M., Psarianos, C., Kalliafas, A. & Koutinas, A.A. 1990 Kissiris: A mineral support for the promotion of ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 69, 93–97.
Tyagi, R.D. & Ghose, T.K. 1982 Studies on immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of continuous rapid ethanol fermentation in immobilized reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24, 781–795.
Ueda, S., Teramoto, Y., Ohba, R., Ueki, T., Kimura, K. & Shiota, S. 1991 Batchwise ethanol fermentation with Shochu distillery waste. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 72, 270–273.
Van Haecht, J.L., Bolipopmbo, M. & Rouxhet, P.G. 1985 Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by adhesion: treatment of cells by A1 ions. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27, 217–224.
Vienne, P. & von Stockar, U. 1985 An investigation of ethanol inhibition and other limitations occurring during the fermentation of concentrated whey permeate by Kluyveromyces fragilis. Biotechnology Letters 7, 521–526.
Ward, C., Nolan, A.M., O'Hanlon, F., McAree, T., Barron, N., McHale, L. & McHale, A.P. 1995 Production of ethanol at 45 °C on starch-containing media by mixed cultures of the thermotolerant, ethanol-producing yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 and the thermophilic filamentous fungus Talaromyces emersonii CBS 813.70. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 43, 408–411.
Weuster-Botz, D., Aivasidis, A. & Wandrey, C. 1993 Continuous ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis in fluidized bed reactors. Part II. Process development for fermentation of hydrolysis of B-starch without sterilization. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 39, 685–690.
Wright, J.D., Wyman, C.E. & Grohmann, K. 1988 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose: process evaluation. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 18, 75–90.
Wyman, M., Chen, S. & Doan, K. 1993 Production of fuel ethanol from the waste paper in garbage. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 71, 141–143.
Xin, Z., Yimbo, Q. & Peiji, G. 1993 Acceleration of ethanol production from paper mill waste fiber by supplementation with β-glucosidase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 15, 62–65.
Yadav, B.S., Rani, U., Dhamija, S.S., Nigam, P. & Singh, D. 1996 Process optimization for continuous ethanol production by alginate immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1. Journal of Basic Microbiology 36, 205–210.
Yazgan, A. & Ozcengiz, G. 1994 Subcellular-distribution of accumulated heavy metals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Biotechnology Letters 16, 871–874.
Yazgan, A., Ozcengiz, G. & Alaeddinoglu, N.G. 1993 Studies on metal resistance system in Kluyveromyces marxianus. Biological Trace Elements Research 38, 117–127.
Zayed, G. & Meyer, O. 1996 The single-batch bioconversion of wheat-straw to ethanol employing the fungus Trichoderma viride and the yeast Pachysolen tannophylus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 45, 551–555.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, D., Nigam, P., Banat, I. et al. Review: Ethanol production at elevated temperatures and alcohol concentrations: Part II – Use of Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 14, 823–834 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008852424846
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008852424846