Abstract
Protein folding is a very difficult global optimization problem. Furthermore it is coupled with the difficult task of designing a reliable force field with which one has to search for the global minimum. A summary of a series of optimization methods developed and applied to various problems involving polypeptide chains is described in this paper. With recent developments, a computational treatment of the folding of globular proteins of up to 140 residues is shown to be tractable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wales, D.J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Global optimization of clusters, crystals and biomolecules, Science, 285: 1368–1372.
Momany, F.A., McGuire, R.F., Burgess, A.W. and Scheraga, H.A. (1975), Energy parameters in polypeptides. VII. Geometric parameters, partial atomic charges, nonbonded interactions, hydrogen bond interactions and intrinsic torsional potential for the naturally occurring aminoacids, J. Phys. Chem.79: 2361–2381.
Némethy, G., Pottle, M.S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1983), Energy parameters in polypeptides. IX. Updating of geometrical parameters, nonbonded interactions, and hydrogen bond interactions for the naturally occurring amino acids, J. Phys. Chem. 87: 1883–1887.
Sippl, M.J., Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1984), Intermolecular potentials from crystal data. VI. Determination of empirical potentials for O-H O-C hydrogen bonds from packing configurations, J. Phys. Chem. 88: 6231–6233.
Némethy, G., Gibson, K.D., Palmer, K.A., Yoon, C.N., Paterlini, G., Zagari, A., Rumsey, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1992), Energy parameters in polypeptides. X. Improved geometrical parameters and nonbonded interactions for use in the ECEPP/3 algorithm, with application to proline-containing peptides, J. Phys. Chem. 96: 6472–6484.
Liwo, A., Pincus, M.R., Wawak, R.J., Rackovsky, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1993), Calculation of protein backbone geometry from -carbon coordinates based on peptide-group dipole alignment, Protein Science 2: 1697–1714.
Liwo, A., Pincus, M.R., Wawak, R.J., Rackovsky, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1993), Prediction of protein conformation on the basis of a search for compact structures; test on avian pancreatic polypeptide, Protein Science 2: 1715–1731.
Liwo, A., Oldziej, 6S., Pincus, M.R., Wawak, R.J., Rackovsky, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1997), A united-residue force field for off-lattice protein-structure simulations. I. Functional forms and parameters of long-range side-chain interaction potentials from protein crystal data, J. Comput. Chem. 18: 849–873.
Liwo, A., Pincus, M.R., Wawak, R.J., Rackovsky, S., Oldziej, S. and Scheraga, H.A. (1997), A united-residue force field for off-lattice protein-structure simulations. II: Parameterization of short-range interactions and determination of the weights of energy terms by Z-score optimization, J. Comput. Chem. 18: 874–887.
Liwo, A., Kazmierkiewicz, R., Czaplewski, C., Groth, M., Oldziej, S., Wawak, R.J., Rackovsky, S., Pincus, M.R. and Scheraga, H.A. (1998), A united-residue force field for off-lattice proteinSURMOUNTING THE MULTIPLE-MINIMA PROBLEM 257 structure simulations. III. Origin of backbone hydrogen-bonding cooperativity in united-residue potentials, J. Comput. Chem. 19: 259–276.
Scheraga, H.A. (1974), Prediction of protein conformation, in C.B. Anfinsen and A.N. Schechter (eds.), Current Topics in Biochemistry(pp. 1–42), Academic Press, New York.
Simon, I., Némethy, 0G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1978), Conformational energy calculations of the effects of sequence variations on the conformations of two tetrapeptides, Macromolecules11: 797–804.
Pincus, M.R., Klausner, R.D. and Scheraga, H.A. (1982), Calculation of the three-dimensional structure of the membrane-bound portion of melittin from its amino acid sequence, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 79: 5107–5110.
Scheraga, H.A. (1983), Recent progress in the theoretical treatment of protein folding, Biopolymers22: 1–14.
Vásquez, M. and Scheraga, H.A. (1985), Use of buildup and energy-minimization procedures to compute low-energy structures of the backbone of enkephalin, Biopolymers 24: 1437–1447.
Gibson, K.D. and Scheraga, H.A. (1987), Revised algorithms for the build-up procedure for predicting protein conformations by energy minimization, J. Comput. Chem. 8: 826–834.
Vásquez, M., Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1983), Computed conformational states of the 20 naturally occurring amino acid residues and of the prototype residue -aminobutyric acid, Macromolecules 16: 1043–1049.
Zimmerman, S.S., Pottle, M.S., Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1977), Conformational analysis of the twenty naturally occurring amino acid residus using ECEPP, Macromolecules10:1–9. e
Vásquez, M. and Scheraga, H.A. (1988), Calculation of protein conformation by the build-up procedure. Application to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor using limited simulated nuclear magnetic resonance data, J. Biomol. Struct. & Dyn 5: 705–755.
Vásquez, M. and Scheraga, H.A. (1988), Variable-target-function and build-up procedures for the calculation of protein conformation. Application to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor using limited simulated nuclear magnetic resonance data, J. Biomol. Struct. & Dyn. 5: 757–784.
Dygert, M., G¯o, N. and Scheraga, H.A. (1975), Use of a symmetry condition to compute the conformation of gramicidin S, Macromolecules 8: 750–761.
Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1984), Hydrogen bonding involving the ornithine side chain of gramicidin S, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 118: 643–647.
Miller, M.H. and Scheraga, H.A. (1976), Calculation of the structures of collagen models. Role of interchain interactions in determining the triple-helical coiled-coil conformation. 1. Poly(glycyl-prolyl-prolyl), J. Polymer Sci.: Polymer Symposia No. 54, pp. 171–200.
Miller, M.H., Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1980), Calculation of the structures of collagen models. Role of interchain interactions in determining the triple-helical coiled-coil conformation. 2. Poly(glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyprolyl), Macromolecules13: 470–478.
Miller, M.H., Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1980), Calculation of the structures of collagen models. Role of interchain interactions in determining the triple-helical coiled-coil conformation. 3. Poly(glycyl-prolyl-alanyl), Macromolecules13: 910–913.
Levitt, M. and Chothia, C. (1976), Structural patterns in globular proteins, Nature 261: 552–558.
Wada, A. (1976), The-helix as an electric macro-dipole, Adv. Biophys. 9: 1–63.
Perutz, M.F. (1978), Electrostatic effects in proteins, Science 201: 1187–1191.
Hol, W.G.J., Halie, L.M. and Sander, C. (1981), Dipoles of the -helix and -sheet: their role in protein folding, Nature 294: 532–536.
Chou, K.-C., Némethy, G. and Scheraga, H.A. (1983), Energetic approach to the packing of -helices. 1. Equivalent helices, J. Phys. Chem.8
Hol, W.G.J. (1985), The role of the α-helix dipole in protein function and structure, Prog.Biophys. molec. Biol. 45: 149–195.
Piela, L. and Scheraga, H.A. (1987), On the multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. I. Backbone degrees of freedom for a perturbed -helix, Biopolymers 26: S33-S58.
Ripoll, D.R., Piela, L., Vásquez, M. and Scheraga, H.A. (1991), On the multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. V. Application of the self-consistent electrostatic field and the electrostatically driven Monte Carlo methods to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, Proteins: Struc., Func., and Gen. 10: 188–198.
Li, Z. and Scheraga, H.A. (1987), Monte Carlo-minimization approach to the multiple-minima problem in protein folding, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 84
Li, Z. and Scheraga, H.A. (1988), Structure and free energy of complex thermodynamicsystems, J. Molec. Str. (Theochem) 179: 333–352.
Bharucha-Reid, A.T. (1960), Elements of the theory of Markov processes and their applications, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A.W., Rosenbluth, M.N., Teller, A.H. and Teller, E. (1953), Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines, J. Chemical Physics 21: 1087–1092.
Hagler, A.T., Stern, P.S., Sharon, R., Becker, J.M. and Naider, F. (1979), Computer simlulation of the conformational properties of oligopeptides. Comparison of theoretical methods and anlaysis of experimental results, J. Am. Chem. Soc 101:6842–6852.
Rapaport, D.C. and Scheraga, H.A. (1981), Evolution and stability of polypeptide chain conformation: a simulation study, Macromolecules 14: 1238–1246.
Paine, G.H. and Scheraga, H.A. (1985), Prediction of the native conformation of a polypeptide by a statistical-mechanical procedure. I. Backbone structure of enkephalin,Biopolymers 24:1391–1436
Gay, D.M. (1983), Algorithm 611. Subroutines for unconstrained minimization using a model/trust-region approach, ACM Trans. Math. Software 9: 503–524.
Ripoll, D.R. and Scheraga, H.A. (1988), On the multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. II. An electrostatically driven Monte Carlo method-tests on poly(Lalanine), Biopolymers 28: 263–287.
Ripoll, D.R. and Scheraga, H.A. (1989), The multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. III. An electrostatically driven Monte Carlo method; tests on enkephalin, J. Protein Chem. 8: 263–287.
Ripoll, D.R., Liwo, A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1998), New developments of the electrostatically driven Monte Carlo method-Test on the membrane bound portion of melittin, Biopolymers 46: 117–126.
Liwo, A., Tempczyk, A., Oldziej, S., Shenderovich, M.D., Hruby, V.J., Talluri, S., Ciarkowski, J., Kasprzykowski, F., Lankiewicz, L. and Grzonka, Z. (1996), Exploration of the conformational space of oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin using the electrostatically-driven Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods, Biopolymers 38: 157–175.
Ripoll, D.R., Vásquez, M.J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1991), The electrostatically driven Monte Carlo method: Application to conformational analysis of decaglycine, Biopolymers 31: 319–330.
Ripoll, D.R. (1992), Conformational study of a peptide epitope shows large preferences for -turn conformations, Int. J. Pepide Protein Res.40: 575–581.
Faerman, C.H. and Ripoll, D.R. (1992), Conformational analysis of a twelve-residue analogue of mastoparan and mastoparan X, Proteins 12: 111–116.
Liwo, A., Gibson, K.D., Scheraga, H.A., Brandt-Rauf, P.W., Monaco, R. and Pincus, M.R. (1994), Comparison of the low energy conformations of an oncogenic and a non-oncogenic p21 protein, neither of which binds GTP or GDP, J. Protein Chem. 13: 237–251.
Ashkenazi, G., Ripoll, D.R., Lotan, N. and Scheraga, H.A. (1997), A molecular switch for biological logic gates: conformational studies, Biosensors & Bioelectronics 12: 85–95.
Ripoll, D.R., Vorobjev, Y.N., Liwo, A., Vila, J.A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1996), Coupling between folding and ionization equilibria. Effects of pH on the conformational preferences of polypeptides, J. Mol. Biol.2 770–783.
Vila, J.A., Ripoll, D.R., Villegas, M.E., Vorobjev, Y.N. and Scheraga, H.A. (1998), Role of hydrophobicity and solvent-mediated charge-charge interactions in stabilizing -helices, Biophys. J. 75: 2637–2646.
Vila, J.A., Ripoll, D.R., Vorobjev, Y.N. and Scheraga, H.A. (1998), Computation of the structure-dependent pka shifts in a polypentapeptide of the Poly[fv(IPGVG), fe(IPGEG)] family, J. Phys. Chem. B 102: 3065–3067.
Olszewski, K.A., Piela, L. and Scheraga, H.A. (1992), Mean-field theory as a tool for intramolecular conformational optimization. 1. Tests on terminally-blocked alanine and Metenkephalin, J. Phys. Chem. 96: 4672–4676.
Olszewski, K.A., Piela, L. and Scheraga, H.A. (1993), Mean field theory as a tool for intramolecular conformational optimization. 2. Tests on the homopolypeptides decaglycine and icosalanine, J.Phys. Chem. 97: 260–266.
Olszewski, K.A., Piela, L. and Scheraga, H.A. (1993), Mean field theory as a tool for intramolecular conformational optimization. 3. Test on melittin, J. Phys. Chem. 97: 267–270.
Piela, L., Kostrowicki, J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1989), The multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of molecules. Deformation of the potential energy hypersurface by the diffusion equation method, J. Phys. Chem. 93: 3339–3346.
Pillardy, J., Olszewski, K.A. and Piela, L. (1992), Performance of the shift method of global minimization in searches for optimum structures of clusters of Lennard-Jones atoms, J. Phys. Chem. 96: 4337–4341.
Pillardy, J. and Piela, L. (1995), Molecular dynamics on deformed potential energy hypersurfaces, J. Phys. Chem. 99: 11805–11812.
Wawak, R.J., Gibson, K.D., Liwo, A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1996), Theoretical prediction of a crystal structure, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 93: 1743–1746.
Wawak, R.J., Pillardy, J., Liwo, A., Gibson, K.D. and Scheraga, H.A. (1998), Diffusion equation and distance scaling methods of global optimization; Applications to crystal structure prediction, J. Phys. Chem. 102: 2904–2918.
Pillardy, J., Liwo, A., Groth, M. and Scheraga, H.A., An efficient deformation-based global optimization method for off-lattice polymer chains; self-consistent basin-to-deformed-basin mapping (SCBDBM). Application to united-residue polypeptide chains, J. Phys. Chem. B103: 7353–7366.
Pillardy, J., Liwo, A. and Scheraga, H.A. An efficient deformation-based global optimization method [self-consistent basin-to-deformed-basin mapping (SCBDBM)]; Application to Lennard-Jones atomic clusters, J. Phys. Chem., in press.
Kostrowicki, J., Piela, L., Cherayil, B.J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1991), Performance of the diffusion equation method in searches for optimum structures of clusters of Lennard-Jones atoms, J. Phys. Chem. 95: 4113–4119.
Wawak, R.J., Wimmer, M.M. and Scheraga, H.A. (1992), Application of the diffusion equation method of global optimization to water clusters, J. Phys. Chem. 96: 5138–5145.
Kostrowicki, J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1992), Application of the diffusion equation method for global optimization to oligopeptides, J. Phys. Chem. 96: 7442–7449.
Pillardy, J., Olszewski, K.A. and Piela, L. (1992), Theoretically predicted lowest-energy structures of water clusters, J. Mol. Struct. 270: 277–285.
Lee, J., Scheraga, H.A. and Rackovsky, S. (1997), New optimization method for conformational energy calculations on polypeptides: Conformational space annealing, J. Comput. Chem. 1222–1232
Lee, J., Scheraga, H.A. and Rackovsky, S. (1998), Conformational analysis of the 20-residue membrane-bound portion of melittin by conformational space annealing, Biopolymers 46:103–115
Lee, J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Conformational space annealing by parallel computations: extensive conformational search of Met-enkephalin and of the 20-residue membrane-bound portion of melittin, Int. J. Quant. Chem. 75: 255–265.
Goldberg, D.E. (1989), Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization & Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Lee, J., Liwo, A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Energy-based de novo protein folding by conformational space annealing and an off-lattice united-residue force field: Application to the 10–55 fragment of staphylococcal protein A and to apo calbindin D9K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 2025–2030.
Ye, Y.-J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Kinetics of protein folding, in “Slow Dynamics in Complex Systems: Eighth Tohwa University International Symposium”, Eds. M. Tokuyama and I. Oppenheim. AIP Conference Proceedings469, pp. 452–475, Amer. Inst. Phys.
Ye, Y.-J., Ripoll, D.R. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Kinetics of cooperative protein folding involving two separate conformational families, Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science, 9: 359–370.
Liwo, A., Lee, J., Ripoll, D.R., Pillardy, J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Protein structure can be predicted by global optimization of a potential energy function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 96: 5482–5485.
G¯o, N. and Scheraga, H.A. (1970), Ring closure and local conformational deformations of chain molecules, Macromolecules3:178–187.
Palmer, K.A. and Scheraga, H.A. (1991), Standard-geometry chains fitted to X-ray derived structures; Validation of the rigid-geometry approximation. I. Chain closure through a limited search of 'loop' conformations, J. Comput. Chem. 12: 505–526.
Vila, J., Williams, R.L., Vásquez, M. and Scheraga, H.A. (1991), Empirical solvation models can be used to differentiate native from near-native conformations of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, Proteins: Struc., Func., and Gen 1.
Third Community Wide Experiment on the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction; http://predictioncenter.llnl.gov/casp3/Casp3.html, (1999).A.,Calculation of protein conformation by global optimization of a potential energy function, Proteins:Struc., Func., and Gen., suppl. 3:204–208.
Lee, J., Liwo, A., Ripoll, D.R., Pillardy, J. and Scheraga, H.A. (1999), Calculation of proteinconformation by global optimization of a potential energy function, Proteins: Struc., Func.,and Gen., suppl. 3: 204–208.
Yang, F., Gustafson, K.R., Boyd, M.R. and Wlodawer, A. (1998), Crystal structure of Escherichia coli HdeA, Nature Struct. Biol. 5: 763–764.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Scheraga, H.A., Lee, J., Pillardy, J. et al. Surmounting the Multiple-Minima Problem in Protein Folding. Journal of Global Optimization 15, 235–260 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008328218931
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008328218931