Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid is probably present in all higher plants. This hormone is necessary for regulation of several events during seed development and for the response to environmental stresses such as desiccation, salt and cold. An important part of the physiological response to abscisic acid is achieved through gene expression.
Here, we summarize the current knowledge of regulation of abscisic acid-induced transcription. The main focus is on a description of the known abscisic acid-responsive cis-elements, their properties and the possible transacting factors binding to the elements. Results have shown that cooperative action of cis-elements and the promoter configuraton is crucial for regulation by abscisic acid. Furthermore, several elements are organ- and species-specific. Recent studies of the chromatin structure of abscisic acid-responsive genes point to the importance of induction of transcription by coactivators or by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of transcription factors. An interesting example of activation by a cofactor is the cooperative action between abscisic acid-signaling and the regulatory protein Viviparous 1 through the abscisic acid responsive element.
References
Abe H, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Urao T, Iwasaki T, Hosokawa D, Shinozaki K: Role of Arabidospis MYC and MYB homologs in droughtand abscisic acidregulated gene expression. Plant Cell 9: 1859–1868 (1997).
Baker SS, Wilhelm KS, Thomashow MF: The 5′region of Arabidopsis thaliana cor15A has cis-acting elements that confer cold, droughtand ABAregulated gene expression. Plant Mol Biol 24: 701–713 (1994).
Bartels D, Schneider K, Terstappen G, Piatkowski D, Salamini F: Molecular cloning of ABA-modulated genes from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum which are induced during desiccation. Planta 181: 27–34 (1990).
Benfey PN, Ren L, Chua N-H: The CaMV 35S enhancer contains at least two domains which can confer different developmental and tissuespecific expression patterns. EMBO J 8: 2195–2202 (1989).
Bertauche N, Leung J, Giraudat J: Protein phosphatase activity of abscisic acid insensitive 1 (ABI1) protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur J Biochem 241: 193–200 (1996).
Bohnert HJ, Nelson DE, Jensen RG: Adaptations to environmental stresses. Plant Cell 7: 1099–1111 (1995).
Bray EA: Molecular responses to water deficit. Plant Physiol 103: 1035–1040 (1993).
Bray EA, Moses MS, Morabito D, Hong B, Shih T-Y, Imay R: Exogenous ABA does not mimic endogenous ABA in the induction of gene expression. In: Workshop on Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction in Plants. Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid, Spain (1996).
Busk PK, Pagès M: Protein binding to the abscisic acidresponsive element is independent of VIVIPAROUS1 in vivo. Plant Cell 9: 2261–2270 (1997).
Busk PK, Jensen AB, Pagès M: Regulatory elements in vivo in the promoter of the abscisic acid responsive gene rab17 from maize. Plant J 11: 1285–1295 (1997).
Chandler PM, Robertson M: Gene expression regulated by abscisic acid and its relation to stress tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. Plant Mol Biol 45: 113–141 (1994).
Close TJ: Dehydrins: Emergence of a biochemical role of a family of plant dehydration proteins. Physiol Plant 97: 795–803 (1996).
Cohen A, Bray EA: Characterization of three mRNAs that accumulate in wilted tomato leaves in response to elevated levels of endogenous abscisic acid. Planta 182: 27–33 (1990).
Cohen A, Plant AP, Moses MS, Bray EA: Organspecific and environmentally regulated expression of two abscisic acidinduced genes of tomato. Plant Physiol 97: 1367–1374 (1991).
Davies WJ, Metcalfe JC, Lodge TA, da Costa AR: Hormones as chemical signals involved in root to shoot communication of effects of changes in the soil environment. In: Hoad, GV (ed) Hormone Action in Plant Development. A Critical Appraisal, pp. 201–216. Butterworths, London, UK (1987).
Dolferus R, Jacobs M, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES: Differential interactions of promoter elements in stress responses of the Arabidopsis Adh gene. Plant Physiol 105: 1075–1087 (1994).
Donald RGK, Cashmore AR: Mutation of either G box or I box sequences profoundly affects expression of the Arabidopsis rbcS-1A promoter. EMBO J 9: 1717–1726 (1990).
Felsenfeld G: Chromatin as an essential part of the transcriptional mechanism. Nature 355: 219–224 (1992).
Finkelstein RR: Abscisic acidinsensitive mutations provide evidence for stage-specific signal pathways regulating expression of an Arabidopsis late embryogenesis-abundant (lea) gene. Mol Gen Genet 238: 401–408 (1993).
Foster R, Izawa T, Chua N-H: Plant bZIP proteins gather at ACGT elements. FASEB J 8: 192–200 (1994).
Furini A, Koncz C, Salamini F, Bartels D: High level transcription of a member of a repeated gene family confers dehydration tolerance to callus tissue of Craterostigma Plantagineum. EMBO J 16: 3599–3608 (1997).
Galau GA, Bijaisoradat N, Hughes DW: Accumulation kinetics of cotton late embryogenesis-abundant mRNAs and storage protein mRNAs coordinate regulation during embryogenesis and the role of abscisic acid. Dev Biol 123: 198–212 (1987).
Galau GA, Jakobsen KS, Hughes DW: The controls of late dicot embryogenesis and early germination. Physiol Plant 81: 280–288 (1991).
García-Garrido JM, Fanlo J, Delseny M, Martínez-Izquierdo JA: The ABRElike or couplinglike ACGCGTGG element of rice Ltp2 promoter is necessary for ABA response. In: Workshop on Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction in Plants. Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones. Madrid. Spain (1996).
Gilmour SJ, Thomashow MF: Cold acclimation and coldregulated gene expression in ABA mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 17: 1233–1240 (1991).
Giraudat J, Hauge BM, Valon C, Smalle J, Parcy F, Goodman HM: Isolation of the Arabidopsis ABI3 gene by positional cloning. Plant Cell 4: 1251–1261 (1992).
Giraudat J, Parcy F, Bertauche N, Gosti F, Leung J, Morris PC, Bouvier-Durand M, Vartanian N: Current advances in abscisic acid action and signalling. Plant Mol Biol 26: 1557–1577 (1994).
Gomez J, Sanchez-Martinez D, Steifel V, Rigau J, Puigdomenech P, Pagès M: A gene induced by the plant hormone abscisic acid in response towater stress encodes a glycinerich protein. Nature 334: 262–264 (1988).
Guiliano G, Pichersky E, Malik VS, Timko MP, Scolnik P, Cashmore AR: An evolutionarily conserved protein binding sequence upstream of a plant lightregulated gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7089–7093 (1988).
Guiltinan MJ, Marcotte WR, Quatrano RS: A plant leucine zipper protein that recognizes an abscisic acid response element. Science 250: 267-271 (1990).
Hattori T, Vasil V, Rosenkras L, Hannah LC, McCarty DR, Vasil IK: The viviparous-1 gene and abscisic acid activa te the C1 regulatory gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis during seed maturation in maize. Genes Dev 6: 609–618 (1992).
Hattori T, Terada T, Hamasuna S: Regulation of the Osem gene by abscisic acid and the transcriptional activator VP1: analysis of cis-acting promoter elements required for regulation by abscisic acid and VP1. Plant J 7: 913–925 (1995).
Heimovaara-Dijkstra S, Nieland TJF, van der Meulen RM, Wang M: Abscisic acid-induced gene expression requires the activity of protein(s) sensitive to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide. Plant Growth Regul 18: 115–123 (1996).
Hildmann T, Ebneth M, PeZa-CortJs H, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Willmitzer L, Prat S: General roles of abscisic and jasmonic acids in gene activation as a result of mechanical wounding. Plant Cell 4: 1157–1170 (1992).
Hill A, Nantel A, Rock CD, Quatrano RS: A conserved domain of the viviparous-1 gene product enhances the DNA binding activity of the bZIP protein EmBP1 and other transcription factors. J Biol Chem 271: 3366–3374 (1996).
Hughes DW, Galau GA: Temporally modular gene expression during cotyledon development. Genes Dev 3: 358–369 (1989).
Hughes DW, Galau GA: Developmental and environmental induction of Lea and LeaA mRNAs and the postabscission program duringembryo culture. PlantCell 3: 605–618 (1991).
Hunter T: Protein kinases and phosphatases: the Yin andYang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell 80: 225–236 (1995).
Imay R, Moses MS, Bray EA: Expression of an ABAinduced gene of tomato in transgenic tobacco during periods of water deficit. J Exp Bot 46: 1077–1084 (1995).
Iturriaga G, Leyns L, Villegas A, Gharaibeh R, Salamini F, Bartels D: A family of novel myb-related genes from the resurrection plant Craterostigma Plantagineum are specifically expressed in callus and roots in response to ABA or desiccation. Plant Mol Biol 32: 707–716 (1996).
Iwasaki T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K: Identification of a cis-regulatory region of a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana whose induction by dehydration is mediated by abscisic acid and requires protein synthesis. Mol Gen Genet 247: 391–398 (1995).
Izawa T, Foster R, Chua N-H: Plant bZIP protein DNA binding specificity. J Mol Biol 230: 1131–1144 (1993).
Jensen AB, Busk PK, Figueras M, Mar Albà M, Peracchia G, Messeguer R, Goday A, Pagès M: Drought signal transduction in plants. Plant Growth Regulation 20: 105–110 (1996).
Jiang C, Iu B, Singh J: Requirement of a CCGAC cisacting element for cold induction of the BNII5 gene from winter Brassica napus. Plant Mol Biol 30: 679–684 (1996).
Kao C-Y, Cocciolone SM, Vasil IK, McCarty DR: Localization and interaction of the cis-acting elements for abscisic acid, VIVIPAROUS1, and light activation of the C1 gene of maize. Plant Cell 8: 1171–1179 (1996).
Kim SY, Chung HJ, Thomas TL: Isolation of a novel class of bZIP transcription factors that interact with ABAresponsive and embryospecification elements in the Dc3 promoter using a modified yeast onehybrid system. Plant J 11: 1237–1251 (1997).
King RW: Abscisic acid in developing wheat grains and its relationship to grain growth and maturation. Planta 132: 43–61 (1976).
Knetsch MLW, Wang M, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Heimovaara-Dijkstra S: Abscisic acid induces mitogenactivated protein kinase activation in barley aleurone protoplasts. Plant Cell 8: 1061–1067 (1996).
Koornneef M: Genetic aspects of abscisic acid. In: Blonstein AD, King PJ (eds) A Genetic Approach to Plant Biochemistry, pp. 35–54. Springer Verlag, Vienna, Austria (1986).
Koornneef M, Hanhart CJ, Hilhorst HWM, Karssen CM: In vivo inhibition of seed development and reserve protein accumulation in recombinants of abscisic acid biosynthesis and responsiveness mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 90: 463–469 (1989).
Lam E, Chua N-H: Tetramer of a 21base pair synthetic element confers seed expression and transcriptional enhancement in response to water stress and abscisic acid. J Biol Chem 266: 17131–17135 (1991).
Leung J, Giraudat J: Abscisic acid signal transduction. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, in press (1998).
Leung J, Merlot S, Giraudat J: The Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACIDINSENSITIVE (ABI2) and ABI1 genes encode homologous protein phosphatases 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Plant Cell 9: 759–771 (1997).
Loake GJ, Faktor O, Lamb CJ, Dixon RA: Combination of Hbox (CCTACCN7CT) and Gbox (CACGTG) cis elements is necessary for feed-forward stimulation of a chalcone synthase promoter by the phenylpropanoidpathway intermediate pcoumaric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9230–2934 (1992).
Lu G, Paul AL, McCarty DR, Ferl RJ: Transcription Factor Veracity: is GBF3 responsible for ABAregulated expression of Arabidopsis Adh? Plant Cell 8: 847–857 (1996).
Marcotte WD Jr, Russell SH, Quatrano RS: Abscisic acidresponsive sequences from the Em gene of wheat. Plant Cell 1: 969–976 (1989).
McCarty DR: Genetic control and integration of maturation and germination pathways in seed development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46: 71–93 (1995).
McCarty DR, Hattori T, Carson CB, Vasil V, Lazar M, Vasil IK: The Viviparous1 developmental gene of maize encodes a novel trancriptional activator. Cell 66: 895–905 (1991).
McKendree WL Jr, Paul AL, DeLisle AJ, Ferl RJ: In vivo and in vitro characterization of protein interactions with the dyad Gbox of the Arabidopsis Adh gene. Plant Cell 2: 207–214 (1990).
McKendree WL, Jr, Ferl RJ: Functional elements of the Arabidopsis Adh promoter include the Gbox. Plant Mol Biol 19: 859–862 (1992).
Mundy J, Chua N-H: Abscisic acid and waterstress induce the expression of a novel rice gene. EMBO J 7: 2279–2286 (1988).
Mundy J, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Chua N-H: Nuclear proteins bind conserved elements in the abscisic acid-responsive promoter of a rice RAB gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 1406–1410 (1990).
Nakagawa H, Ohmiya K, Hattori T: A rice bZIP protein, designated OSBZ8, is rapidly induced by abscisic acid. Plant J 9: 217–227 (1996).
Neill SJ, Horgan R, Parry AD: The carotenoid and abscisic acid content of viviparous kernels and seedlings of Zea mays L. Planta 169: 87–96 (1986).
Neill SJ, Horgan R, Rees AF: Seed development and vivipary in Zea mays L. Planta 171: 358–364 (1987).
Nelson D, Salamini F, Bartels D: Abscisic acid promotes novel DNA-binding activity to a desiccation-related promoter of Craterostigma Plantagineum. Plant J 5: 451–458 (1994).
Niogret MF, Culiañez-Macià FA, Goday A, Albà MM, Pagès M: Expression and cellular localization of rab28 mRNA and Rab28 protein during maize embryogenesis. Plant J 9: 549–557 (1996).
Niu X, Adams CC, Workman JL, Guiltinan MJ: Binding of the wheat basic leucine zipper protein EmBP-1 to nucleosomal binding sites is modulated by nucleosome positioning. Plant Cell 8: 1569–1587 (1996).
Nordin K, Heino P, Palva ET: Separate signal pathways regulate the expression of a low-temperatureinduced gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant Mol Biol 16: 1061–1071 (1991).
Ono A, Izawa T, Chua N-H, Shimamoto K: The rab16B promoter of rice contains two distinct abscisic acidresponsive elements. Plant Physiol 112: 483–491 (1996).
Parcy F, Giraudat J: Interactions between the ABI1 and the ectopically expressed ABI3 genes in controlling abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis vegetative tissues. Plant J 11: 693–702 (1997).
Parcy F, Valon C, Raynal M, Gaubier-Comella P, Delseny M, Giraudat J: Regulation of gene expression programs during Arabidopsis seed development: Roles of the ABI3 locus and of endogenous abscisic acid. Plant Cell 6: 1567–1582 (1994).
Peña-Cortès H, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Mertens R, Willmitzer L, Prat S: Abscisic acid is involved in the woundinduced expression of the proteinase inhibitor II gene in potato and tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 9851–9855 (1989).
Peña-Cortès H, Willmitzer L, Sanchez-Serrano JJ: Abscisic acid mediates the wound induction but not developmentalspecific expression of the proteinase inhibitor II gene family. Plant Cell 3: 963–972 (1991).
Phillips J, Artsaenko O, Fiedler U, Horstmann C, Mock HP, Muntz K, Conrad U: Seed-specific immunomodulation of abscisic acid activity induces a developmental switch. EMBO J 16: 4489–4496 (1997).
Pla M, Goday A, Vilardell J, Gomez J, Pagès M: Differential regulation of ABAinduced 23–25 kDA proteins in embryo and vegetative tissues of the viviparous mutants of maize. Plant Mol Biol 13: 385–394 (1989).
Pla M, Gomez J, Goday A, Pagès M: Regulation of the abscisic acidresponsive gene rab28 in maize viviparous mutants. Mol Gen Genet 230: 394–400 (1991).
Plant AL, Cohen A, Moses MS, Bray EA: Nucleotide sequence and spatial expression pattern of a drought-and ABA-induced gene of tomato. Plant Physiol 97: 900–906 (1991).
Puente P, Wei N, Deng XW: Combinatorial interplay of promoter elements constitutes the minimal determinants for light and developmental control of gene expression in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 15: 3732–3743 (1996).
Robertson AJ, Ishikawa M, Gusta LV, MacKenzie SL: Abscisic acidinduced heat tolerance in Bromus inermis Leyss cellsuspension cultures. Heatstable, abscisic acidresponsive polypeptides in combination with sucrose confer anhanced thermostability. Plant Physiol 105: 181–190 (1994).
Robichaud CS, Wong J, Sussex IM: Control of in vitro growth of viviparous embryo mutants of maize by abscisic acid. Dev Genet 1: 325–330 (1980).
Rogers JC, Rogers SW: Definition and functional implications of gibberellin and abscisic acid cis-acting hormone response complexes. Plant Cell 4: 1443–1451 (1992).
Salinas J, Oeda K, Chua N-H: Two GBoxrelated sequences confer different expression patterns in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell 4: 1485–1493 (1992).
Schultz TF, Spiker S, Quatrano RS: Histone H1 enhances the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor EmBP-1. J Biol Chem 271: 25742–25745 (1996).
Sheen J: Ca2+-dependent protein kinases and stress signal transduction in plants. Science 274: 1900–1902 (1996).
Shen Q, Ho T-HD: Functional dissection of an abscisic acid (ABA)inducible gene reveals two independent ABAresponsive complexes each containing a G-box and a novel cis-acting element. Plant Cell 7: 295–307 (1995).
Shen Q, Zhang P, Ho T-HD: Modular nature of abscisic acid (ABA) response complexes: Composite promoter units that are necessary and sufficient for ABA induction of gene expression in barley. Plant Cell 8: 1107–1119 (1996).
Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K: Molecular responses to drought and cold stress. Curr Opin Biotechnol 7: 161–167 (1996).
Skriver K, Mundy J: Gene expression in response to abscisic acid and osmotic stress. Plant Cell 2: 503–512 (1990).
Skriver K, Olsen FL, Rogers JC, Mundy J: cisacting elements responsive to gibberellin and its antagonist abscisic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7266–7270 (1991).
Stockinger EJ, Gilmour SJ, Thomashow MF: Arabidopsis thaliana CBF1 encodes an AP2 domain-containing transcriptional activator that binds to the C-repeat/ DRE, a cisacting DNA regulatory element that stimulates transcription in response to low temperature and water deficit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 1035–1040 (1997).
Straub PF, Shen Q, Ho T-HD: Structure and promoter analysis of an ABA and stress regulated barley gene, HVA1. Plant Mol Biol 26: 617–630 (1994).
Suzuki M, Kao CY, McCarty DR: The conserved B3 domain of VIVIPAROUS1 has a cooperative DNA binding activity. Plant Cell 9: 799–807 (1997).
Suzuki Y, Kurogochi S, Nurofushi N, Ota Y, Takahashi N: Seasonal changes in GA1, GA19 and abscisic acid in three rice cultivars. Plant Cell Physiol 22: 1085–1093 (1981).
Svaren J, Hörz W: Transcription factor vs nucleosomes: regulation of the PHO5 promoter in yeast. TIBS 22: 93–97 (1997).
Taylor JE, Renwick KF, Webb AAR, McAinsh MR, Furini A, Bartels D, Quatrano RS, Marcotte WR Jr, Hetherington AM:ABAregulated promoter activity in stomatal guard cells. Plant J 7: 129–134 (1995).
Tjian R, Maniatis T: Transcriptional activation: A complex puzzle with few easy pieces. Cell 77: 5–8 (1994).
Travers AA: DNA-Protein Interactions. Chapman and Hall, London, UK (1993).
Urao T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Urao S, Shinozaki K: An Arabidopsis myb homolog is induced by dehydration stress and its gene product binds to the conserved MYB recognition sequence. Plant Cell 5: 1529–1539 (1993).
Urao T, Katagiri T, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K: Two genes that encode Ca2+dependent protein kinases are induced by drought and highsalt stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 244: 331–340 (1994).
Vasil V, Marcotte WR Jr, Rosenkrans L, Cocciolone SM, Vasil IK, Quatrano RS, McCarty R: Overlap of Viviparous1 (VP1) and abscisic acid response elements in the Em promoter: G-box elements are sufficient but not necessary for VP1 transactivation. Plant Cell 7: 1511–1518 (1995).
Vega-Palas MA, Ferl RJ: The Arabidopsis Adh gene exhibits diverse nucleosome arrangements within a small DNase Isensitive domain. Plant Cell 7: 1923–1932 (1995).
de Vetten NC, Lu G, Ferl RJ: A maize protein associated with the G-box binding complex has homology to brain regulatory proteins. Plant Cell 4: 1295–1307 (1992).
Vilardell J, Goday A, Freire MA, Torrent M, Martinez C, Tornè JM, Pagès M: Gene sequence, developmental expression, and protein phosphorylation of RAB-17 in maize. Plant Mol Biol 14: 423–432 (1990).
Vilardell J, Martínez-Zapater JM, Goday A, Arenas C, Pagès M: Regulation of the rab17 gene promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis wildtype, ABA-deficient, and ABA-insensitive mutants. Plant Mol Biol 24: 561–569 (1994).
Wang M, Oppedijk BJ, Lu X, van Duijn B, Schilperoort RA: Apoptosis in barley aleurone during germination and its inhibition by abscisic acid. Plant Mol Biol 32: 1125–1134 (1996).
Ward JM, Pei Z-M, Schroeder JI: Roles of ion channels in initiation of signal transduction in higher plants. Plant Cell 7: 833–844 (1995).
Weisshaar B, Armstrong GA, Block A, Da Costa e Silva O, Hahlbrock K: Lightin-ducible and constitutively expressed DNA-binding proteins recognizing a plant promoter element with functional relevance in light responsiveness. EMBO J 10: 1777–1786 (1991).
Williamson JD, Scandalios JG: Differential response ofmaize catalases to abscisic acid: Vp1 transcriptional activator is not required for abscisic acidregulated Cat1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 8842–8846 (1992).
Wu Y, Kuzma J, Maréchal E, Graeff R, Lee HC, Foster R, Chua NH: Abscisic acid signaling through cyclic ADPribose in plants. Science 278: 2126–2130 (1997).
Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Mundy J, Chua N-H: Four tightly linked rab genes are differentially expressed in rice. Plant Mol Biol 14: 29–39 (1989).
Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K: Characterization of the expression of a desiccationresponsive rd29 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana and analysis of its promoter in transgenic plants. Mol Gen Genet 236: 331–340 (1993).
Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K: A novel cisacting element in an Arabidopsis gene is involved in responsivenes to drought, lowtemperature, or high-salt stress. Plant Cell 6: 251–264 (1994).
Zeevaart JAD, Creelman RA: Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 39: 439–473 (1988).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Busk, P.K., Pagès, M. Regulation of abscisic acid-induced transcription. Plant Mol Biol 37, 425–435 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006058700720
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006058700720