Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Traditional maintenance breeding of landraces: 1. Data by crop

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Examples of the methods of traditional maintenance breeding of several crops, cited in literature, are presented. It is concluded that, although crops are grown all over the world, only few examples are sufficiently described. Only for maize some reliable data are available. Three explanations for this small number are 1. the farmers are not aware of their knowledge of growing crops (including traditional maintenance breeding), 2. the interviewers and other scientists are not acquainted with this farmer's knowledge, or 3. most farmers do not actually perform traditional maintenance breeding, as they and their ancestors probably have experienced that traditional maintenance breeding does not result in a better crop. They must have thought that seed replacement was a better method to maintain the yielding capacity of their crops.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, M.W. & G.B. Martin, 1988. Genetic structure of bean landraces in Malawi. In: P. Gepts (Ed.), Genetic Resources of Phaseolus Beans, pp. 355-374. Kluwer Academic Publ.

  • Allen, E.J., P.J. O'Brien & D. Firman, 1992. Seed tuber production and management. In: P.M. Harris (Ed.), The Potato Crop. The Scientific Basis for Improvement, pp. 278-326. 2nd ed. London.

  • Anderson, E., 1947. Field studies of Guatemalan maize. Annals Missouri Botanical Garden 34: 433–467. Cited by Mangelsdorf (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E., 1954. Plants, man & life. University of California Press. Reprint 1967. 251 pp.

  • Anderson, E. & H. Cutler, 1942. Races of Zea mays: I. Their recognition and classification. Ann Missouri Bot Garden 21: 69–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annicchiarico, P. & E. Piano, 1997. Effect of selection under cultivation on morphological traits and yields of Ladino white clover landraces. Genetic Resources & Crop Evolution 44: 405–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anon., 1857. Proefteelt met verschillende soorten van tarwe. Vriend van de landman 21: 111-112. (based on an experiment taken by Lucien Rousseau in France).

  • Anon., 1989. Interactions for local innovations. IDS-Workshop. In: R. Chambers, A. Pacey & L.A. Thrupp (Eds.), Farmer First. Farmer innovation and agricultural research, pp. 43-51. International Technical Publications. 218 pp.

  • Awegechew Teshome, L. Fahrig, J.K. Torrana, J.D.H. Lambert, J.T. Arnason & B. Baum, 1999a. Traditional farmers' knowledge of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [Poaceae]) landrace storability in Ethiopia. Economic Botany 53: 51–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awegechew Teshome, L. Fahrig, J.K. Torrana, J.D.H. Lambert, J.T. Arnason & B. Baum, 1999b. Maintenance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Poaceae) landrace diversity by farmers, selection in Ethiopia. Economic Botany 53: 79–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelson, V., 1908. [The current state of the seed question in our country and duties of the Seed Association for the progress]. Suomen Kylvösiemenyhdistyksen Julkaisuja 4: 32–41 (transl. by H. Ahokas, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beharev, A., G. Golan & A. Levy, 1997. Evaluation and variation in response to infection, with Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia recondita of wheat landraces. Euphytica 94: 287–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellon, M.R., 1991. The ethnoecology of maize variety management: a case study from Mexico. Human Ecology 19: 389–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, E., 1973. Wheats of the Mediterranean Basin. In: O.H. Frankel (Ed.), Survey of Crop Genetic Resources in their Centres of Diversity, pp. 1–8. First report. FAO-IBP, Rome. 164 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett-Lartey, S.O. & R. Akromah, 1996. The role of women in plant genetic resources activities in Ghana. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter no 106: 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, T., 1993. The science of plant breeding-support or alternative to traditional practices? In: de Boef et al., pp. 72-77.

  • Bernard, R.L., G.A. Juvik, E.E. Hartwig & C.J. Edwards Jr., 1988. Origins and pedigree of Public Soybean Varieties in the United States and Canada. UDSA-ARS Techn. Bull. no 1746. Springfield. 68 pp.

  • Biebl, E., 1927. Getreidebau und Getreidevarietäten im salzburgischen und steirischen Ennstale, im Paltentale und steirischen Salzkammergut. Fortschritt der Landwirtschaft 2: 179–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieleman, J. & H.K. Roessingh, 1994. Wie zaait zal oogsten? De ontwikkeling van het rogge-beschot op de noordelijke zandgronden op lange termijn. In: H. Diederiks, J.Th. Lindblad & B. de Vries (Eds.), Het Platteland in een Veranderende Wereld, pp. 167-197. Hilversum. 348 pp.

  • Bishaw, Z. & S. Kugbei, 1997. Seed supply in the WANA region: status and constraints. In: D.D. Rohrbach, Z. Bishaw & A.J.G. van Gastel (Eds.), Alternalive Strategies for Smallholder Seed Supply, pp. 18-33. Patacheru. 281 pp.

  • Blum, A., B. Simmena, G. Golan & J. Mayer, 1987. The grain quality of landraces of wheat as compared with modern cultivars. Plant Breeding 99: 226–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boerendonk, M.J., 1935. Historische studies over de Zeeuwsche landbouw. Den Haag. 376 pp.

  • Bohrer, V.L., 1994. Maize in Middle America and Southwestern United States agricultural traditions. In: S. Johannessen & C.A. Hastorf (Eds.), Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World, pp. 469-512. Westview Press. 623 pp.

  • Boster, J., 1984. Inferring decision making from preferences and behavior: an analysis of Aguaruna Jivaro manioc selection. Human Ecology 12: 343–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, A.D., 1975. Population structure and the effects of isolation and selection. In: O.H. Frankel & J.G. Hawkes (Eds.), Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, pp. 37-52. Cambridge Intern. Biol. Programme 2. Cambridge.

  • Bray, F., 1984. Part II. Agriculture, vol. 6. Biology and biological technology. In: J. Needham (Ed.), Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge. 724 pp.

  • Brush, S.B., H.H. Carney & Z. Huaman, 1981. Dynamics of Andean potato agriculture. Economic Botany 35: 70–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterfass, Th., 1987. Cell volume ratios of natural and of induced tetraploid and diploid flowering plants. Cytologia 52: 309–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, D.A., D. Soleri & S.E. Smith, 1994. Do folk crop varieties have a role in sustainable agriculture? BioScience 44: 740–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordes, J.W.H., 1855. De inoogsting en zuivering der voornaamste granen, met betrekking tot den Nederlandschen landbouw. Vriend van den Landman 19: 321–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crehu, G. du, 1957. Le chou fourrager. Etude biologique. Problèmes variétaux. Ann Amélioration Plantes 3: 313–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crissman, C.C. & J.E. Uquillas, 1989. Seed potato systems in Ecuador: a case study. International Potato Center-CIP, Lima. 70 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell, E., 1990. Seed diffusion mechanisms in small farmer communities. Lessons from Asia, Africa and Latin America. ODI-agricultural administration (Research and Extension) Network. Network Paper 21. 57 pp.

  • Damania, A.B., 1985. Preliminary evaluation of Triticum aestivum L. from Nepal. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter no 61: 19-22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dangbegnon, C. & J. Brouwers, 1990. Maize farmers, informal R&D. ILEA newsletter, October-1990: 24-25.

  • DeWet, J.M.J., 1995. Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (Gramineae-Paniceae). In: J. Smartt & N.W. Simmonds (Eds.), Evolution of Crop Plants, pp. 156-159. Barlow. 531 pp.

  • Dennis, J.V., 1987. Farmer management of rice variety diversity in northern Thailand. PhD dissertation, Cornell University. Michigan University Microfilms. Ann Arbor. 367 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcinelli, M., L. Russi, V. Negri & F. Veronesi, 1994. Variation within improved cultivars and landraces of lucerne in Central Italy. In: O.A. Rogni, E. Solberg & I. Schjelderup (Eds.), Breeding Fodder Crops for Mechanical Conditions, pp. 81-87. Kluwer Academic Publ. 329 pp.

  • Frankel, O.H. & M.E. Soulé, 1981. Conservation and evolution. Cambridge. 327 pp.

  • Freeman, J.D., 1955. Iban agriculture: a report of the shifting cultivation of hill rice by the Iban of Sarawak. London. 148 pp.

  • Fruwirth C., 1930. Allgemeine Züchtungslehre der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen. Berlin. 478 pp.

  • Galinat, W.C., 1996. Evolutionary diversification in low density isolated gardens. Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter no 70: 67-68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, A.M.W., 1989. Potato atlas of Pakistan. Islamabad. 79 pp.

  • Grall, J. & B.R. Levy, 1985. La guerre des semences. Paris. 410 pp.

  • Hallauer, A.R. & J.P. Miranda, 1988. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. 468 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, E.S.C., 1940. The Hawaiian planter, Vol. 1. His plants, methods and areas of cultivation. Bernice P. Bishop Museum bull. 166. Honolulu, 227 pp.

  • He, W., 1998. Agronomic and ecological studies on the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Southwest China, Seed and crop management. Wageningen. 133 pp.

  • Hepper, F.N., 1967. An ancient expedition to transplant living trees; exotic gardening by an Egyptian queen. J Roy Hort Soc 42: 435–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertum, J. van, 1860. Landbouwkundige beschrijving van een gedeelte der provincie Zeeland. Tijdschrift van Nijverheid: overdruk. 12 pp.

  • Hillman, G., 1981. Recontructing crop husbandry practices from charred remains of crops. In: R. Mercer (Ed.), Farming Practice in British Prehistory, pp. 123-162. Edinburgh, 245 pp.

  • Jensen, N.F, 1994. Historical perspectives on plant breeding methodology. In: K.J. Frey (Ed.), Historical Perspectives in Plant Science, pp. 179–194. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. 205 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, C.L., 1982. Domestication process of maize continues in Guatemala. Economic Botany 36: 84–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, C.L., M.R. Wilson & W.A. Davenport, 1970. The domestication of maize: process or event? Geogr Review 10: 393–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson, R., N.-O. Bertholdson, G. Engqvist & I. Ahman, 1994.(Plant characters of importance in ecological farming). Sveriges Utsadesfor. Tidskrift 104: 137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julier, B., 1996. Traditional seed maintenance and origins of the French lucerne landraces. Euphytica 92: 353–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laredo, C. & J. Pernès, 1988. Models for pearl millet domestication as an example of cereal domestication. I. A one locus asymmetrical model. J Theor Biol 131: 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lathrap, D.W., 1977. Our father the cayman, our mother the gourd: spinden revisited, or a unitary model for the emergence of agriculture in the New World. In: Ch.A. Reed (Ed.), Origins of Agriculture, pp. 713-753. The Hague/Paris, 1013 pp.

  • Leemans, J.A., 1964. Rootstocks for roses. Boskoop. 72 pp.

  • Lettinga, J., 1977. De zaadteelt van Inlandse Witte Klaver in NW Friesland? Manuscript. 6 pp.

  • Lightfoot, C., 1987. Indigenous research and On-farm trials. Agric Admin Extension 24: 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindemans, P., 1952. Geschiedenis van de landbouw in België. Antwerpen, 541 pp.

  • Linnemann, A.R. & J.S. Siemonsma, 1989. Variety choice and seed supply by smallholders. ILIEA newsletter, December-1989: 22-23.

  • Louette, D., 1995. Seed exchange among farmers and gene flow amongmaize varieties in traditional agricultural systems. In: P.A. Serratos, M.C. Willcox & F. Catillo (Eds.), Proceedings of a Forum Gene Flow among Maize Landraces, Improved Maize Varieties and Teosinte: Implications for Transgenic Maize, pp. 55-66. Mexico, 122 pp.

  • Mangelsdorf, P.C., 1974. Corn-its origin, evolution and improvement. The Bellknap Press. 262 pp.

  • Margelé, E., Y. Henry, J. Hu & C.F. Quiros, 1995. Determination of genetic variability by RAPD markers in cauliflower, cabbage and kale local cultivars from France. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 42: 281–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurya, D.M., 1989. The innovation approved of Indian farmers. In: R. Chambers, A. Pacey & L.A. Thrupp (Eds.), Farmer First. Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research, pp. 9-14. International Technical Publications, 218 pp.

  • Meeuwse, K., 1996. Opkomst en ondergang van de Ruslui. Utrecht, 198 pp.

  • Melaku Worede & Hailu Mekbib, 1993. Linkage genetic resources conservation to farmers in Ethiopia. In: de Boef et al. (Eds.), pp. 78-84.

  • Muliokela, S.W., 1997. Seed supply constraints in Southern and Eastern Africa. In: D.D. Rohrbach, Z. Bishaw & A.J.G. van Gastel (Eds.), Alternative Strategies for Smallholder Seed Supply, pp. 11-17. Patacheru, 281 pp.

  • Nüesch, D., 1976. Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen an Hofsorten des Schweizer Mattenklee. Schweiz Landwirt Forschung 15: 401–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orting, B, W.J. Grüneberg & M. Sorensen, 1996. Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi) in Bolivia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 43: 435–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouendebo, B., G.E. Jeta, W.W. Hanna & A.K. Kumar, 1995. Diversity among African pearl millet landrace populations. Crop Science 35: 919–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pecetti, L. & A.B. Damiana, 1996. Geographic variation in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum convar. durum) landraces from two provinces in Ethiopia. Genetic Resources and crop Evolution 43: 395–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickergill, B., 1986. Evolution of hierarchical variation patterns under domestication and their taxonomic treatment. In: B.T. Styles (Ed.), Infraspecific classification of wild and cultivated plants, pp. 191-209. Systematics Association, Special Volume no 29. Oxford.

  • Pieters, A.J. & E.A. Hollowel, 1937. Clover improvement. Yearbook of Agriculture 1937: 1190-1214. Cited by Taylor & Quesenberry, 1996.

  • Plot, R., 1677. The natural history of Oxfordshire. Oxford. Cited by Allen (1992).

  • Powell, A.A., M. de A. Oliveira & S. Matthews, 1986. Seed vigour in cultivars of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in relation to the colour of the testa. J Agric Sci, Cambridge 106: 419–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P., 1985. Indigenous agricultural revolution. London, 192 pp.

  • Richards, P., 1986. Coping with hunger. Hazard and experiment in an African rice-farming system. London, 176 pp.

  • Rios-Labrada, H., Y. Perera-Ibarra & A. Fernandeze-Almirall, 1998. Effectiveness of the informal seed sector for increasing yield in pumpkins developed under low input conditions. Report Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative no 21: 62. CAD no 981613437.

  • Roessingh, H.K. & A.H.G. Schaars, 1996. De Gelderse landbouw beschreven omstreeks 1825. Wageningen, 525 pp.

  • Salazar, R., 1992. MASIPAG: alternative community rice-breeding in the Philippines. Appropriate Technology 18(4): 20–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachl, R., 1981. Cereal landraces from Austria and their utilization in plant breeding. Kulturpflanze 29: 99–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sexton, P.J., J.W. White & K.J. Booth, 1994. Yield-determing processes in relation to cultivar seed size of common bean. Crop Science 34: 84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shashirekha M.N. & P. Narasimham, 1989. Pre-planting treatment of seed potato tuber pieces to break dormancy, control tuber piece decay and improve yield. Exptl Agriculture 25: 27–33. Cited by He (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siemonsma J.S. & A.R. Linnemann, 1988. Seed supple and variety choice in low-input agriculture: a case study of soybean in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. In T. Groosman (Ed.), pp. 67-78.

  • Soleri, D. & D.A. Cleveland, 1993. Hopi crop diversity and change. Journal of Ethnobiology 13: 203–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spagnoletti Zeule, P.L., C. de Pace & E. Porceddu, 1984. Variation in durum wheat populations from three geographical origins. I. Material and spike characters. Euphytica 33: 563–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, F.A., 1942. Notes on Mende rice varieties. Sierra Leone Agricultural Notes 10, cited by P. Richards (1985).

  • Taylor, N.L. & K.H. Quesenberry, 1996. Red clover science. Kluwer Academic Publ., 226 pp.

  • Temple, S.R. & F.J. Morales, 1986. Linkage of dominant hypersensitive resistance to bean common mosaic virus to seed color in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Euphytica 35: 331–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston, H.D., 1994. Assessing indigenous and traditional knowledge in farming systems. In: R.S. Zeigler, S.A. Leong & P.S. Teng (Eds.), Rice Blast Diseases, pp. 541-558. IRRI/CAP International, 646 pp.

  • Verhey, F.L., 1945. Het Didamse smeelensnijdersbedrijf. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift 56/57: 470–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, J., 1992. Conserving and increasing on-farm genetic diversity: farmers management of varietal bean mixtures in Central Africa.

  • In: J.L. Moock & R.E. Rhodes (Eds.), Diversity, Farmer Knowledge and Sustainability, pp. 34-51. Cornell University Press, 278 pp.

  • de Vries, D.P., 1993. The vigour of glasshouse roses: scionrootstock relationships. Effect of phenotypic and genotypic variation. Wageningen, 169 pp.

  • de Vries, D.P. & L.A.M. Dubois, 1987. Variation for plant characters and for performance of softwood cuttings of Rosa canina ‘Inermis’ seedlings. Euphytica 36: 407–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, D.P. & L.A.M. Dubois, 1988. Shoot and root characters of one-season-old Rosa canina 'Inermis' rootstock seedlings in relation to the root collar diameter. Gartenbauwissenschaft 53(1): 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werneck, H.L., 1935. Die naturgesetzlichen Grundlagen der Land und Forstwirtschaft in Oberösterreich. Jahrbuch des oberösterreichische Vereines: 270-288. Cited by Schachl (1981).

  • Westgate, J.M. & F.H. Hillman, 1991. Red clover. USDA Farmers Bull 1475: 1–22. Cited by Taylor & Quisenberry, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J.W. & A. González, 1990. Characterization of the negative association between seed yield and seed size among genotypes of common bean. Field Crop Research 23: 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, J.W., S.P. Singh, C. Pino, M.J. Rios B. & I. Buddenhagen, 1992. Effects of seed size and photoperiod response on crop growth and yield of common bean. Field Crop Research 28: 295–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, K.D., 1970. Roman farming. London, 536 pp.

  • Wilkes, G., 1995. The ethnobotany of artificial selection in seed plant domestication. In: R.E. Schulte & S. Von Reis (Eds.), Ethnobotany. Evolution of a Discipline, pp. 203-208. Chapman & Hall, 414 pp.

  • Yamaguchi, H. & M. Okamoto, 1997. Traditional seed production in landraces of daikon (Raphanus sativus) in Kyushu, Japan, Euphytica 95: 141–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, D.E., 1963. Sweet-potato variation and its relation to human migration in the Pacific. In: J. Barrau (Ed.), Plants and the Migrations of Pacific Peoples, pp. 93–117. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 136 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zemeda Asfaw, 1988. Variation in the morphology of the spike within Ethiopian barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae). Acta Agric Scand 38:277–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zemede Asfaw, 1990. An ethnobotanical study of barley in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Biol Zentr Blatt 109: 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., 1970. MartinusWillem Beyerinck, a hybridizer of Triticum and Hordeum species at the end of the 19th century and his investigations into the origin of wheat. Euphytica 19: 263–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., 1979a. Verslag van een bezoek aan een 6-tal wetenschappelijke instellingen in de VS, 13 mei-2 juni 1979. Wageningen. Typescript. 40 pp. The figures are based on information received from Sprague.

  • Zeven, A.C., 1979b. Collecting genetic resources in highly industrialized Europe, especially the Netherlands. In: A.C. Zeven & A.M. van Harten (Eds.), Broadening the Genetic Base of Crops, pp. 49-58. Wageningen, 347 pp.

  • Zeven, A.C., 1986. Landrace groups of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.). Acta Horticulturae 182: 365–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., 1990. Landraces and improved cultivars of bread wheat and other wheat types grown in the Netherlands up to 1944. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 90.2. Wageningen, 103 pp.

  • Zeven, A.C., 1991. Four hundred years of cultivation of Dutch white clover landraces. Euphytica 54: 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., 1997. The introduction of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) into Western Europe and the phenotypic variation of dry beans collected in the Netherlands in 1946. Euphytica 94: 319–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., 1998. Landraces: a review of definitions and classifications. Euphytica 104: 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., 1999. The traditional inexplicable replacement of seed and seed ware of landraces and cultivars: a review. Euphytica 110: 181–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., in prep. Traditional maintenance breeding of landraces: 2.

  • Zeven, A.C., M.S. Ramanna, M. Boeder, Z. Sawor & J. Waninge, 1989. Diploids and natural autotetraploids in the predominantly vegetatively propagated Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC and their cytology. Euphytica 41: 59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C. & J. Waninge, 1989. The presence of three groups of Scalavatis and other hexaploid bread wheat plants contaminating durum wheat field in Cyprus. Euphytica 43: 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A.C., J.Waninge, Th. van Hintum & S.P. Singh, 1999. Phenotypic variation in a core collection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Netherlands. Euphytica 109: 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, POB 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    A.C. Zeven

Authors
  1. A.C. Zeven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zeven, A. Traditional maintenance breeding of landraces: 1. Data by crop. Euphytica 116, 65–85 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004089816030

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004089816030

Search

Navigation