Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: a critical review

  • Published:
Plant Growth Regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.), is an important legume cash crop for the tropical farmers and its seeds contain high amounts of edible oil (43–55%) and protein (25–28%). Even though it is a fairly drought-tolerant, production fluctuates considerably as a result of rainfall variability. To develop a water stress response function in groundnut, research works have been done to improve the performance under varying degrees of stress at various physiological stages of crop growth. This review summarizes recent information on drought resistance characteristics of groundnut with a view toward developing appropriate genetic enhancement strategies for water-limited environments. It is suggested that there are considerable gains to be made in increasing yield and stabilizing the yield in environments characterized by terminal drought stress and by shortening crop duration. Many traits conferring dehydration avoidance and dehydration tolerance are available, but integrated traits, expressing at a high level of organization are suggested to be more useful in crop improvement programs. Possible genetic improvement strategies are outlined, ranging from empirical selection for yield in drought environments to a physiological–genetic approach. It was also suggested that in view of recent advances in understanding drought resistance mechanisms, the later strategy is becoming more feasible. It is summarized that application of knowledge into practice in a systematic manner can lead to significant gains in yield and yield stability of the world’s groundnuts production. Research is needed to develop transferable technology to help farmers of arid and semi-arid regions. Increasing soil moisture storage by soil profile management and nutrient management for quick recovery from drought are some of the areas that need to be explored further.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ali Ahmad M. and Basha S.M.1998. Effect of water stress on composition of peanut leaves. Peanut Sci.25 (1): 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali N. and Malik N.S.1992. Performance of short duration groundnut lines suitable to increase cropping intensity in rainfed areas of Pakistan. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Global Perspective. International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, p. 433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen L.H.Jr., Boote K.J. and Hammond L.C.1976. Peanut stomatal diffusive resistance affected by soil water and solar radiation. Proc. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla.35: 42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arjunan A. and Srinivasan P.S.1989. Pre-sowing seed hardening for drought tolerance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Madras Agric. J.76 (9): 523–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azam Ali S.N.1984. Environmental and physiological control of transpiration by groundnut crops. Agric. For. Meterol.33: 129–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azam Ali S.N.1995. The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and drought on stomatal frequency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J. Exp. Bot.46 (288): 847–852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babu V.R. and Rao D.V.M.1983. Water stress adaptations in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-foliar characteristics and adaptations to moisture stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem.10 (1): 64–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey E. and Biosvert R.N.1991. Yield response of groundnut to the amount and timing of water application. J. Prod. Agric.4 (1): 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell M.J., Wright G.C. and Harch G.1993. Environmental and agronomic effects on the growth of four peanut cultivars in a subtropical environment. II. Dry matter partitioning. Exp. Agric.29 (4): 491–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett J.M., Boote K.J. and Hammond L.C.1984. Relationships among water potential components, relative water content, and stomatal resistance of field grown peanut leaves. Peanut Sci.11: 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett J.M., Sexton P.J. and Boote K.J.1990. A root tube-pegging pan apparatus: preliminary observations and effects of soil water in the pegging zone. Peanut Sci.17: 68–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhagsari A.S., Brown R.H. and Schepers J.S.1976. Effect of moisture stress on photosynthesis and some related physiological characteristics in peanuts. Crop Sci.16: 712–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bharambe P.R., Rodge R.P., Ambeganokar R.P. and Oza S.R.1993. Effects of jalasakti and rhizobium application on yield and water use efficiency of groundnut. J. Maharahtra Agric. Univ.18 (1): 121

    Google Scholar 

  • Black C.R., Tang D.Y., Ong C.K., Solon A. and Simmonds L.P.1985. Effects of soil moisture on water relations and water use of groundnut stands. New Phytol.100: 313–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boote K.J. and Ketring D.L.1990. Peanut. In: Stewart B.A. and Nielson D.R. (eds), Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boote K.J., Jones J.W. and Singh P.1992. Modeling growth and yield of groundnut. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Perspective. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, pp. 331–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss W.P. and Mott R.L.1980. Effect of divalent cat-ions and polyethylene glycol on the membrane fluidity of protoplast. Plant Physiol.66: 835–837.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chari K.M., Gupta K., Prasad T.G., Sastry K.S.S. and Kumar M.U.1986. Enhancement of water stress by calcium treatment in groundnut and cowpea plants subjected to moisture stress. Plant Soil91: 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung S.Y., Vercellotti J.R. and Sanders T.H.1997. Increase of glycolytic enzymes in peanuts during peanut maturation and curing: evidence of anaerobic metabolism. J. Agric. Food Chem.45 (12): 4516–4521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford S.C., Black C.R., Roberts J.A., Stronach I.M., Singleton Jones P.R., Mohammed A.D. and Azam Ali S.N.1995. The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought on stomatal frequency in groundnut. J. Exp. Bot.46 (28): 847–852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford S.C., Stronach I.M., Mohammed A.D., Azam-Ali S.N. and Crout N.M.J.1993. The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and water stress on light interception, dry matter production and yield in stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J. Exp. Bot.44 (269): 1763–1770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collino D.J, Dardanelli J.L., Sereno R. and Racca R.W.2001a. Physiological responses of argentine peanut varieties to water stress. Water uptake and water use efficiency, Field Crops Res.68(2): 133–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collino D.J., Dardanelli J.L., Sereno R. and Racca R.W.2001. Physiological responses of argentine peanut varieties to water stress. Light interception, radiation use efficiency and portioning assimilates. Field Crops Res.70 (3): 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conkerton E.J., Ross L.F., Daigle D.J., Kvien C.S. and McCombs C.1989. The effect of drought stress on peanut seed composition. II. Oil, protein and minerals. Oleagineux44 (12): 593–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craufurad P.Q., Wheeler T.R., Ellis R.H., Summerfield R.J. and Prasad P.V.V.2000. Escape and tolerance to high temperature at flowering in groundnut. J. Agric. Sci.135: 371–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • DES1990. Indian Agriculture in Brief. 23rd edn. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devries J.D., Bennett J.M., Albrecht S.L. and Boote K.J.1989. Water relations, nitrogenage and root development of three grain legumes in response to soil water deficits. Field Crops Res.21 (3–4): 215–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhopate A.M., Ramtake S.D. and Thote S.G.1992. Effect of soil moisture deficit on root growth and respiration, nodulation and yield stability of field grown peanut genotypes. Ann. Plant Physiol.6 (2): 188–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi S.L., Nigam S.N., Rao R.C.N., Singh U. and Rao K.V.S.1996. Effects of drought on oil, fatty acids and protein content of groundnut seeds. Field Crops Res.48 (2–3): 125–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson P.I. and Ketring D.L.1985. Evaluation of genotypes for resistance to water stress in situ. Crop Sci.25: 870–876.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO2000. FAOSATAT Statistical Data Base. Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations.

  • Fletcher S.M., Zang P. and Carley D.H.1992. Groundnuts: production, utilization, and trade in the 1980s. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Global Perspective. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, pp. 57–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funderburk J.E., Gorbet D.W., Teare I.D. and Stavisky J.1998. Thrips injury can reduce peanut yield and quality under conditions of multiple stress. Agron. J.90 (4): 563–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowda A. and Hegde B.R.1986. Moisture stress and hormonal influence on the flowering behavior and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Madras Agric. J.73 (2): 82–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg D.C., Williams J.H. and Ndunguru B.J.1992. Differences in yield determining process of groundnut genotypes in varied drought environments.120 (3): 557–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory P.J. and Reddy M.S.1982. Root growth in an intercrop of pearl millet/groundnut. Field Crop Res.5: 241–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamat H.B. and Noor R.B.M.1980. Groundnut production, utilization, research problems and further research needs in Malaysia. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Groundnuts, 13–17 October 1980, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

  • Hasim I.B., Kochler P.E., Qitenmiller R.R. and Kvien C.K.1993. Fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of drought stressed Florunner peanuts. Peanut Sci.20: 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRISAT1992. Annual Report. International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoda A., Misa A.L., Nojima H. and Takasaki Y.1996. Effects of leaf movement on radiation interception in field grown leguminous crops. Jpn. J. Crop Sci.65 (4): 700–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain L.L., Panda R.K. and Sharma C.P.1997. Water Stress response function for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Agric. Water Mangt.32: 197–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janamatti V.S., Sashidhar V.R., Prasad I.G. and Sastry K.S.K.1986. Effect of cycles of moisture stress on flowering pattern, flower production, gynophore length and their relationship to pod yield in bunch types of groundnut. Narendra Deva J. Agric. Res.1 (2): 136–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi Y.C., Nautiyal P.C., Ravindra V. and Dwivedi 1988. Water relations in two cultivars of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under soil water deficit. Tropic. Agric. (Trinidad)65(2): 182–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketring D.L. and Reid J.L.1993. Growth of peanut roots under field conditions. Agron. J.85 (1): 80–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koti R.V., Chetti M.B.S., Manjunath T.V. and Amaregowda A.1994. Effect of water stress at different growth stages on biophsysical characteristics and yield in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.7 (2): 158–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni J.H., Ravindra V., Sojitra V.K. and Bhatt D.M.1988. Growth, nodulation and N uptake of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as influenced by water deficits stress at different phenophase. Oleagineus43 (11): 415–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapang A.N., Charoenwatana T. and Tiyawalee D.1980. Groundnut production, utilization, research needs in Thailand. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Groundnuts, 13–17 October 1980, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

  • Lenka D. and Mishra P.K.1973. Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to irrigation. Indian J. Agron.18: 492–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud M.A., Osman A.K., Nalyongo P.W., Wakjira A. and David C.1992. Groundnuts in Eastern Africa 1981–1990. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Global Perspective. International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, pp. 89–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoharan V., Ramalingam R.S., Vindhyavarman P. and Kalaimani S.1989. VRI-2: a new Spanish groundnut variety with drought resistance. Groundnut News1 (2): 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews R.B., Harris D., Rao R.C.N., Williams J.H. and Kadia K.D.R.1988. The physiological basis for yield differences between four genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to drought. I. Dry matter production and water use. Exp. Agric.24 (2): 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayeux A. and Maphanyane G.S.1989. Groundnut cultivation under low rainfall conditions in Bostwana. In: Proc. Third Reg, Groundnut Workshop for Southern Africa, 13–18 March 1988, Lilongwe, Malawi. International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, pp. 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meisner C.A. and Karnok K.J.1991. Root hair occurrence and variation with environment. Agron J.83 (5): 814–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meisner C.A. and Karnok K.J.1992. Peanut root response to drought stress. Agron. J.84 (2): 159–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meisner C.A.1991. Peanut roots, shoot and yield and water stress. Disser. Anstr. Int. B. Sci. Eng.52 (1): 38–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middleton K.J.1980. Groundnut production, utilization, research problems and further research needs in Australia. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Groundnuts, 13–17 October, 1980, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

  • Mohandas S., Radhakrishnan R., Panchanadhan R.M. and Kandaswamy P.1989. Diurnal pattern of plant water relations of groundnut under water stress and potassium nutrition. J. Agron. Crop Sci.163: 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreshat S., Bridges D.C., NeSmith D.S. and Huang B.1996. Effects of Water stress on competitive interaction of peanut and sicklepod. Agron J.88 (4): 636–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naing U.W.1980. Groundnut production, utilization, research problems and further research needs in Burma. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Groundnuts, 13–17 October 1980, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

  • Narasimham R.L., Rao I.V.S. and Singa Rao M.1977. Effect of moisture stress on response of groundnut to phosphate fertilization. Indian J. Agric. Sci.47: 573–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • NARP1992. Proceedings of the Zonal Research and Extension Advisory Council Meeting. National Agricultural Research Project-Scarce Rainfall Zone, Nadyal, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nautiyal P.C., Ravindra S. and Joshi Y.C.1991. Physiological and biochemical basis for viability differences in Spanish groundnut in response to soil moisture stress. Oleagineux46 (4): 153–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naveen P., Daniel K.V., Subramanian P. and Kumar P.S.1992. Response of irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to moisture stress and its management. Indian J. Agron.37 (1): 82–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigam S.N., Dwivedi S.L., Rao Y.L.C. and Gibbons R.W.1991. Registration of ICGS-I Peanut cultivar. Crop Sci.31 (5): 1382–1383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong C.K., Simmonda L.P. and Mathews R.B.1987. Response to saturation deficit in a stand of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). 2. Growth and development. Ann. Bot.59: 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey R.K., Herrera W.A.T., Villepas A.N. and Pendelton J.W.1984. Drought response grain legumes under irrigation gradient. III. Plant growth. Agron. J.76: 557–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel M.S. and Golakiya B.A.1988. Effect of water stress on yield attributes and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Indian J. Agric. Sci.58 (9): 701–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel N.V.1988. Area, production and productivity. In: Reddy P.S. (ed.), Groundnut. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel B.P. and Gangavani S.B.1990. Effects of water stress imposed at various stages on yield of groundnut and sunflower. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ.15 (3): 322–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettit R.E., Taber R.A., Schroeder H.W. and Harrison A.L.1971. Influence of fungicides and irrigation practice on aflatoxin in peanuts before digging. Appl. Microbiol.22: 629–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietrarelli J.R.1980. Groundnut production, utilization, research problems and further research needs in Argentina. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Groundnuts, 13–17 October 1980, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

  • Prabawo A., Prastawo B. and Wright G.C.1990. Growth, yield and soil water extraction of irrigated and dryland peanuts in South Sulawesi. Indonesia. Irrig. Sci.11 (1): 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandrappa B.K., Kulkarni K.R. and Nanjappa H.V.1992. Stress day index for scheduling irrigation in summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Indian J. Agron.37 (2): 276–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao R.C.N., Singh S., Sivakumar M.V.K., Srivastava K.L. and Williams J.H.1985. Effect of water deficit at different growth phases of peanut. I. Yield responses. Agron. J.77(3): 782–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao R.C.N., Williams S., Sivakumar M.V.K., Srivastava K.L. and Wadia K.D.R.1988. Effect of water deficit at different growth phases of peanut. II. Response to drought during pre-flowering phase. Agron. J.80(3): 431–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddi G.H.S. and Reddy T.Y.1995. Efficient Use of Irrigation Water. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy A.J. and Rao I.M.1968. Influence of induced water stress on chlorophyll components of proximal and distal leaflets of groundnut plants. Curr. Sci.5 (3): 118–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy T.Y. and Setty B.V.K.1995. Evaluation of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) varieties under moisture stress conditions. Indian J. Agric. Sci.11 (3): 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucker K.S., Kevin C.K., Holbrook C.C. and Hook J.E.1995. Identification of peanut genotypes with improved drought avoidance traits. Peanut Sci.22 (1): 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabale R.N. and Khuse V.S.1989. Root development and monetary returns of summer groundnut as influenced by irrigation, phosphate and antitranspirants. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ.14 (1): 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders T.H., Cole R.J., Balnkenship P.D. and Dorner J.W.1993. Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts from plants drought stressed in pod and root zones. Peanut Sci.20 (1): 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilling R. and Misari S.M.1992. Assessement of groundnut research achievements in the Savannah region of West Africa. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Global Perspective. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India. pp. 97–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sexton P.J., Benett J.M. and Boote K.J.1997. The effect of dry pegging zone soil on pod formation of lorunner peanut. Peanut Sci.24: 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma K. and Singh G.1987. Effects of water stress on yield and quality of groundnut. Environ. Ecol.5 (4): 647–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P.S. and Sivakumar M.V.K.1991. Penetrometer soil resistance, pod number and yield of peanuts as influenced by drought stress. Indian J. Plant Physiol.34 (2): 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimshi D., Schiffmann J., Kost Y., Bielorai H. and Alper Y.1967. Effect of soil moisture regime on nodulation of inoculated peanuts. Agron. J.59: 397–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds L.P. and Ong C.K.1987. Response to saturation deficit in astand of groundnut (Archis hypogaea L.). I. Water Use. Ann. Bot.59: 113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar M.V.K. and Sharma P.S.1986. Studies on water relations of groundnut. In: Agrometerology of Groundnut. Proc. Int. Symp. ICRISAT Shelan Centre, Niamey Niger, pp. 83–98.

  • Skelton B.J. and Shear G.M.1971. Calcium translocation in the peanut (Arachis hypogae L.) Agron J.63: 409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stirling C.M. and Black C.R.1991. Stages of reproductive development in groundnut (Archis hypogaea L.) most susceptible to environmental stress. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad)68 (3): 296–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stirling C.M., Black C.R. and Ong C.K.1989. The response of groundnut (Arachis hypogae L.) to timing of irrigation. II. 14 C partitioning and plant water status. J. Exp. Bot.40 (221): 1363–1373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbaiah S.V., Rao Y.Y. and Reddi G.H.S.1974. Crop weather relationships of six groundnut varieties sown on two dates under rainfed conditions. J. Res. APAU2 (1): 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniam V.B. and Maheswari M.1990. Physiological responses of groundnut to water stress. Indian J. Plant Physiol.33 (2): 130–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suther D.M. and Patel M.S.1992. Yield and nutrient absorption by groundnut and iron availability in soil as influenced by lime and soil water. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci.40 (3): 594–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheatley A.R.D., Whiteman J.A., Williams J.H. and Wheatly S.J.1989. The influence of drought stress on the distribution of insects on four groundnut genotypes grown near Hyderabad. India. Bull. Ent. Res.79: 567–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wightman J.A. and Wightman A.S.1994. An insect, agronomic and sociological survey of groundnut fields in southern Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.51 (3): 311–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams M.J.1994. Growth characteristics of rhizome peanut and nitrogen-fertilized bahiagrass swards. Agron. J.86 (5): 819–823.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams J.H., Rao R.C.N., Mathews R. and Harris D.1986. Response of groundnut genotypes to drought. P. 99–106. In: Agrometeorology of Groundnut. Proc. Inter. Sym., ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Niamey, Niger, 21–26 August 1985, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.

  • Wilson M.D and Stansell R.J.1983. Effect of irrigation regimes on aflatoxin contamination of peanut pods. Peanut Sci.10: 54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright D.C., Nageswara Rao R.C. and Farquhar G.D.1994. Water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Sci.34 (1): 92–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright G.C., Hubic K.T. and Farquhar G.D.1991. Physiological analysis of peanut cultivar response to timing and duration of drought stress. Australian J. Exp. Agric.42 (3): 453–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright G.C. and Bell M.J.1992. Plant population studies on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in sub-tropical Australia. 3. Growth and water use during a terminal drought stress. Aust. J. Exp. Agric.32 (2): 197–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright G.C. and Rao R.C.N.1992. Genetic variation in water-use efficiency in groundnuts. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Global Perspective. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, p. 460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarbrough J.A.1949. Arachis hypogaea: The seedling, its caotyledons, hypocotyls and roots. Am. J. Bot.36: 758–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeyong X.1992. Groundnut production and research in East Asia in the 1980s. In: Nigam S.N. (ed.), Groundnut-A Global Perspective. Proc. Int. Workshop, Patancheru, A.P., India, 25–29 November 1991, ICRISAT Center, India, pp. 157–165.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Station, Kamalnagar, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

    T.Y. Reddy

  2. Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA:ARS, Maryland, USA

    V.R. Reddy

  3. School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    V. Anbumozhi

Authors
  1. T.Y. Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V.R. Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Anbumozhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reddy, T., Reddy, V. & Anbumozhi, V. Physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) to drought stress and its amelioration: a critical review. Plant Growth Regulation 41, 75–88 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027353430164

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027353430164

Search

Navigation