Skip to main content
Log in

Health, Ageing and Social Differentials: A Case Study of Soweto, South Africa

  • Published:
Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article analyses the relationship between health of people over sixty and a range of social differentials in a specific social context of a relatively deprived community in South Africa. Basic measures of social inequality as well as more sophisticated indicators of social relationships and access to social resources and how they are linked to peoples' perception of their own health are explored. The paper is based on a secondary analysis of data collected in a comprehensive social survey of Soweto conducted in 1997 by a team of researchers based mainly in the Department of Sociology at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The results present an interesting scenario, which, while reaffirming the already established connection between social differentials, social ties and health, also sheds light on a different social context and specific relationships with regard to health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ajrouch, K. J., Antonucci, T. C. & Janevic, M. R. (2001) Social Networks Among Blacks and Whites: The Interaction Between Race and Age. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 56: 112-118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington, A. (1999) Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty. World Development, 27, 2021-2044.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benyamini, Y., Idler, E., Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E. A. (2000). Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessments of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological sciences 55B, P107-P116

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. & Glass, T. (2000) Social Integration, Social Networks, Social Support, and Health, In: L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press (p. 137-173).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, S. (2001) Commentary: Social Inequalities in health, social epidemiology and social value. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 294-296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. (1991) Inequalities in Health. Public Health 105, 23-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blane, D. (2001) Commentary: Socioeconomic health differentials. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 292-293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, M. (1995) 'What is Health?', in B. Davey, A. Gray and C. Seale (eds.), Health and Disease-A Reader (second edition). Buckingham: Open University Press. pp. 26-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, M. (2000a). Class, Time and Biography. In: Williams, S. J., Gabe, J. & Calnan, M. (Eds.), Health, Medicine and Society. Key Theories, Future Agendas. London, Routledge. pp. 27-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, M. (2000b) Editorial, Social Science & Medicine 51, 1139-1142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, L. L., Corbett, K. K. & Kutner, J. S. (2001) In their own words: a model of health aging. Social Science & Medicine 53:927-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budlender, D. and Dube, N. (1997) Starting with what we have-basing development activities on local realities: a critical reveiw of recent experience. Johannesburg: CASE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, V. 2001, Poor People, Poor places, and Poor Health: The Mediating Role of Social Networks and Social Capital. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1501-1516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, V. & Evans, M. (1999) Neighbourhood Images in East London: social capital and social networks on two East London estates. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, F., Sandberg, E., Ingstad, B. & Hjordahl, P. Morbidity and health care utilisation among elderly people in Mmankgodi village, Botswana. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54, 58-63.

  • Collings, P. (2001) “If you got everything, it's good enough”: perspectives on successful aging in a Canadian Inuit community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 16:127-155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, S. & Taket, A. (1996) Health & Societies: Changing Perspectives. London: Arnold

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, E. & Birkelund, G. E. (1997). Health inequalities in later life in a social democratic welfare state. Social Science & Medicine, 44, 871-882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyal, L. (2000) Gender equity in health: debates and dilemmas. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 931-939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eames, N., Ben Shlomo, Y. and Marmot, M. (1993) Social Deprivation and Premature mortality: Regional Comparison Across England. British Medical Journal, 307, 1097-1102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway, A. & Macintyre, S. (2001) Social capital and self-rated health: Support for a contextual mechanism. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 988-988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, I., Unden, A. and Elofsson, S. (2001) Self-rated health. Comparisons between three different measures. Results from a population study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 326-333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein, J.S. (1993) The relationship between socioeconomic status and health: A review of the literature. Milbank Quarterly 71, 279-322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, K.F. & Farmer, M.M. (1996) Double jeopardy, aging as leveller, or persistent health inequality? A longitudinal analysis of white and black Americans. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 51:319-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenberg, R. (1966) Communities in Britain: social life in town and country. Harmondsworth:Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, L., Selikow, T.A. & Walker, L. (2002) Society, Health & Disease. Johannesburg: Ravan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, L. & Walker, L. (2001) Treading the Path of Least Resistance: HIV/AIDS and Social Inequalities-A South African Case Study. Social Science & Medicine (In press).

  • Gilbert, T. (2001) Social Inequalities and Health: a study of South African mortality. Unpublished thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies, University of Oxford.

  • Gwatkin, D.R. (2001) Poverty and inequalities in health within developing countries: filling the information gap. In Leon, D. & Walt, G., Poverty, Inequality and Health: an International Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawe, P. & Shiell, A. (2000) Social Capital and Health Promotion: A Review. Social Science & Medicine 51, 871-885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertzmann, C., Power, C., Mattews, S. & Manor, O. (2001) Using an interactive framework of society and lifecourse to explain self-rated health in early adulthood. Social Science & Medicine 53, 1575-1785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyyppa, M.T. & Maki, J. (2001) Individual-level relationship between social capital and self-rated health in a bilingual community. Preventive Medicine, 32, 148-155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyyppa, M.T. & Maki, J. (2001) Why do Swedish-speaking Finns have longer active live? An area for social capital research. Health Promotion International, 16, 55-64

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, G.A. (1996) People and places: Contrasting perspectives on the association between social class and health. International Journal of Health Services 26, 507-519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., & Wilkinson, R.G. (1999) Crime: social disorganisation and relative deprivation. Social Science & Medicine 48, 719-731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I. & Berkman, L. (2000) Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and Health. In: LF. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 174-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H.K., Hisata, M., Kai, I. & Lee, S.K. (2000) Social support exchange and quality of life among the Korean elderly. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 15: 331-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, J. (1998) Social capital and health: implications for public health and epidemiology. Social Science & Medicine, 47, 1181-1188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, S. (1997) The Black Report and beyond: what are the issues? Social Science & Medicine, 44, 723-745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, S. (2000) The social patterning of health: bringing the social context back in. Medical Sociology Newsletter, 26, 14-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, S., McIver, S. and Sooman, A. (1993) Area class and health: should we be focussing on people or places? Journal of Social Policy, 22, 213-234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. (1996) The social pattern of health and disease. In: Blane, D., Brunner, E. and Wilkinson, R. (eds) Health and Social Organization: Towards a Health Policy for the 21st Century. (pp. 42-67). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. (2000) Multilevel Approaches to Understanding Social Determinants. In: L.F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 349-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch, A. & Joshi, H., E. (2001) Neighbourhood and family influences on the cognitive ability of children in the British National Child Development Study. Social science & Medicine, 53, 579-591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B., Campbell, R. T., Furner, S., Kaufman, J. E., Muramatsu, N. & Prohaska, T. (1997) Use of medical care by African American and White older persons: comparative analysis of three national data sets. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 52:325-335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. I. (1988) Age differences in social network participation. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 43: 129-137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. (ed.), (1999) Change and Continuity: A Survey of Soweto in the late 1990s. Research Report, Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

  • Nettleton, S. (1995) The Sociology of Health & Illness. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pampel, FC. (1998) Aging, Social Inequality and Public Policy. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierret, J. (1993) 'Constructing discourses about health and their social determinants,' in Radley, A. (ed) Worlds of Illness. London: Routledge. pp. 9-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman, R. (1996) The strange disappearance of civic America. The American Prospect, 24.

  • Radley, A. (1994) 'Ideas about Health and Staying Healthy,'. in Radley, A. Making sense of illness. London: Sage Publications. pp. 37-60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scambler, G. & Higgs, P. (2001) 'The dog that didn't bark': taking class seriously in the health inequalities debate. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 157-159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, A., Israel, B., Williams, D., Parker, E., Becker, A. & James, S. (2000) Social inequalities, stressors and self-reported health status among African American and white women in Detroit metropolitan area. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 1639-1653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenk, D. & Sokolovsky, J. (2001) Positive adaptations to aging in cultural context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 16: 1-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, M., Smola, S. & Musa, D. (2000) The Meaning of healthy and not healthy: Older African Americans and whites with chronic illness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 15:139-156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloggett, A. & Joshi, H. (1994) Higher mortality in deprived areas: community or personal disadvantage? British Medical Journal 309, 1470-1474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soskolne V. (2001). Single parenthood, occupational drift and psychological distress among immigrant women from the former Soviet Union in Israel. Women and Health 33, 67-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, S.V., Kawachi, I. & Kennedy, B. (2001) Does the state you live in make a difference? Multilevel analysis of self-rated health in the US. Social Science & Medicine, 53, 9-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor Perkins S.A. (2001). Place identification and positive realities of aging. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 16, 5-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S.J., Auslander, W.F. & White, N.H. (2001), Influence of family structure on health among youths with diabetes. Health & Social Work 26, 7-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veentstra, G. (2000) Social Capital, SES and health: An individual-level analysis. Social Science & Medicine 50, 619-629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. & Gilbert, L. (2001) Women pay the price: HIV/AIDS and social inequalities. South African Labour Bulletin, 25, 76-82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R.G. (1996) Unhealthy Societies. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R.G. (1999) Income inequality, social cohesion, and health: clarifying the theory-a reply to Muntaner and Lynch. International Journal of Health Services, 29, 525-543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., Auslander, W.F., Houston, C.A., Krebil, H. & Haire-Joshu, D. (2000) African American family structure–Are there differences in social, psychological, and economic well-being? Journal of Family Issues 21, 838-857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. (2000) Understanding Old Age. London:Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, A. & Amornsirisomboon, P. Socioeconomic status and health among older adults in Thailand: and examination using multiple indicators. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1297-1311.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gilbert, L., Soskolne, V. Health, Ageing and Social Differentials: A Case Study of Soweto, South Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 18, 105–125 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025133917517

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025133917517

Navigation