Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T12:01:46.030Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Portuguese Norms of Name Agreement, Concept Familiarity, Subjective Frequency and Visual Complexity for 150 Colored and Tridimensional Pictures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 April 2018

Ana Paula Soares ,
Rita Pureza  and
Montserrat Comesaña
Ana Paula Soares*
Affiliation:
Universidade do Minho(Portugal)
Rita Pureza
Affiliation:
Universidade do Minho(Portugal)
Montserrat Comesaña
Affiliation:
Universidade do Minho(Portugal)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Ana Paula Soares. Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho. Campus de Gualtar. 4710–057. Braga (Portugal). E-mail: asoares@psi.uminho.pt
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Pictures are complex stimuli that require a careful control of several characteristics and attributes standardized for different languages. In this work we present for the first time European Portuguese (EP) norms for name agreement, concept familiarity, subjective frequency and visual complexity for a new set of 150 colored pictures. These pictures were selected to represent exemplars of the most used semantic categories in research and to depict objects which, though familiar to the participants, were rarely used in daily life, which makes them particularly prone to speech failures such as tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states. Norms were collected from 640 EP native speakers that rated each picture in the four variables through a web-survey procedure. Results showed, as expected, that a large number of pictures in the dataset elicited a TOT response, and additionally that the ratings obtained in each of the dimensions are in line with those observed in other pictorial datasets. Norms can be freely downloaded at https://www.psi.uminho.pt/en/Research/Psycholinguistics/Pages/Databases.aspx

Keywords

concept familiarityname agreementpicture namingsubjective frequencyvisual complexity
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 21 , 2018 , E8
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This study was partially conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), Universidade do Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI–01–0145–FEDER–007653).

How to cite this article:

Soares, A. P., Pureza, R., & Comesaña, M. (2018). Portuguese norms of name agreement, concept familiarity, subjective frequency and visual complexity for 150 colored and tridimensional pictures. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21. e8. Doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.10

References

Abrams, L., Trunk, D. L., & Merrill, L. A. (2007). Why a superman cannot help a tsunami: Activation of grammatical class influences resolution of young and older adults’ tip-of-the-tongue states. Psychology and Aging, 22, 835–845. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.835CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, L., & Rodriguez, E. (2005). Syntactic class influences phonological priming of tip-of-the-tongue resolution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 1018–1023. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206437CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrams, L., White, K., & Eitel, S. (2003). Isolating phonological components that increase tip-of-the-tongue resolution. Memory & Cognition, 31, 1153–1162. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195798CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alario, F. X., & Ferrand, L. (1999). A set of 400 pictures standardized for French: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 531–552. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200732CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alario, F. X., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 140–155. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195559Google ScholarPubMed
Bakhtiar, M., Nilipour, R., & Weekes, B. S. (2013). Predictors of timed picture naming in Persian. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 834–841. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0298-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balota, D. A., Pilotti, M., & Cortese, M. J. (2001). Subjective frequency estimates for 2,938 monosyllabic words. Memory & Cognition, 29, 639–647. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, C., Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 560–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/783663595CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, E., D’Amico, S., Jacobsen, T., Székely, A., Andonova, E., Devescovi, A., … Tzeng, O. (2003). Timed picture naming in seven languages. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 344–380. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonin, P., Chalard, M., Méot, A., & Fayol, M. (2002). The determinants of spoken and written picture naming latencies. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 89–114. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712602162463CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonin, P., Peereman, R., Malardier, N., Méot, A., & Chalard, M. (2003). A new set of 299 pictures for psycholinguistic studies: French norms for name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and naming latencies. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boukadi, M., Zouaidi, C., & Wilson, M. A. (2016). Norms for name agreement, familiarity, subjective frequency, and imageability for 348 object names in Tunisian Arabic. Behavior Research Methods, 48, 585–599. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0602-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodeur, M. B., Dionne-Dostie, E., Montreuil, T., & Lepage, M. (2010). The Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS): A new set of 480 normative photos of objects to be used as visual stimuli in cognitive research. PLoS ONE, e10773. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010773Google Scholar
Burke, D. M., Mackay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults? Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90026-GCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comesaña, M., Fraga, I., Moreia, A. J., Frade, C. S., & Soares, A. P. (2014). Free associate norms for 139 European Portuguese words for children from different age groups. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 564–574. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0388-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cortese, M. J., & Khanna, M. M. (2007). Age of acquisition predicts naming and lexical-decision performance above and beyond 22 other predictor variables: An analysis of 2,342 words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 1072–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701315467CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuetos, F., Ellis, A. W., & Álvarez, B. (1999). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 650–658. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200741CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cycowicz, Y. M., Friedman, D., Rothstein, M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (1997). Picture naming by young children: Norms for name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 65, 171–237. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1996.2356CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., & Bates, E. (2001). Picture naming and lexical access in Italian children and adults. Journal of Cognition and Development, 2, 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327647JCD0201_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, H., Grabowski, T. J., Tranel, D., Hichwa, R., & Damasio, A. (1996). A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature, 380, 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1038/380499a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dell’Acqua, R., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2000). Naming times and standardized norms for the Italian PD/DPSS set of 266 pictures: Direct comparisons with American, English, French, and Spanish published databases. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 588–615. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200832CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desrochers, A., Liceras, J., Fernández-Fuertes, R., & Thompson, G. L. (2010). Subjective frequency norms for 330 Spanish compound and simple words. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitropoulou, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., Blitsas, P., & Carreiras, M. (2009). A standardized set of 260 pictures for Modern Greek: Norms for name agreement, age of acquisition, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 584–589. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.584CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forsythe, A., Mulhern, G., & Sawey, M. (2008). Confounds in pictorial sets: The role of complexity and familiarity in basic-level picture processing. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 116–129. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.1.116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funnel, E., & Sheridan, J. (1992). Categories of knowledge? Unfamiliar aspects of living and nonliving things. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 9, 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299208252056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1984). Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 113, 256–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.113.2.256CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollan, T. H., & Acenas, L. R. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 246–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.246Google ScholarPubMed
Gollan, T. H., & Brown, A. S. (2006). From tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) data to theoretical implications in two steps: When more TOTs means better retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 462–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.3.462CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollan, T. H., Slattery, T. J., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: the frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 140, 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsh, K. W., & Funnell, E. (1995). Those old, familiar things: Age of acquisition, familiarity and lexical access in progressive aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 9, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(95)00003-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 67–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643298808252927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, L. E., & Burke, D. M. (2000). Phonological priming effects on word retrieval and tip-of-the-tongue experiences in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 26, 1378–1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1378Google ScholarPubMed
Lachman, R., Shaffer, J. P., Hennrikus, D. (1974). Language and cognition: Effects of stimulus codability, name-word frequency, and age of acquisition on lexical reaction time. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 13, 613–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80049-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, W., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y., Hao, M., Li, P., & Shu, H. (2011). Timed picture naming norms for Mandarin Chinese. PloS ONE, 6(1), e16505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016505Google ScholarPubMed
Marques, J. F., & Raposo, A. (2011). Structural dimensions of object pictures: Organization and relation to object decision and naming. Visual Cognition, 19, 705–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2011.575414CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques, J. F., Raposo, A., & Almeida, J. (2013). Structural processing and category-specific deficits. Cortex, 49, 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougall, S. J., Curry, M. B., & de Bruijn, O. (1999). Measuring symbol and icon characteristics: Norms for concreteness, complexity, meaningfulness, familiarity, and semantic distance for 239 symbols. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 487–519. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno-Martínez, F. J., & Montoro, P. R. (2012). An ecological alternative to Snodgrass & Vanderwart: 360 high quality color images with norms for seven psycholinguistic variables. PLoS ONE, e37527. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037527CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishimoto, T., Miyawaki, K., Ueda, T., Une, Y., & Takahashi, M. (2005). Japanese normative set of 359 pictures. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 398–416. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192709CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pegado, F., Nakamura, K., Braga, L. W., Ventura, P., Nunes Filho, G., Pallier, C., … Dehaene, S. (2014). Literacy breaks mirror invariance for visual stimuli: A behavioral study with adult illiterates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pind, J., Jónsdóttir, H., Gissurardóttir, H., & Jónsson, F. (2000). Icelandic norms for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures: Name and image agreement, familiarity, and age of acquisition. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00169CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinheiro, A. P., Dias, M., Pedrosa, J., & Soares, A. P. (2017). Minho Affective Sentences (MAS): Probing the role of sex, mood and empathy in affective ratings of verbal stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 698–716. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0726-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinheiro, A., Soares, A. P., Comesaña, M., Niznikiewicz, M., & Gonçalves, O. F. (2010). Sentence final word completion norms for Portuguese children and adolescents: Effects of age and sentence context. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 1022–1029. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.4.1022Google Scholar
Pompéia, S., Miranda, M. C., & Bueno, O. F. (2001). A set of 400 pictures standardized for Portuguese: Norms for name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity for children and adults. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 59B, 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2001000300004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pureza, R., Soares, A. P., & Comesaña, M. (2013). Syllabic pseudohomophone priming in tip-of-the-tongue states resolution: The role of syllabic position and number of syllables. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 910–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.722658CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pureza, R., Soares, A. P., & Comesaña, M. (2016). Cognate status, syllable position and word length on bilingual tip-of-the-tongue states induction and resolution. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raman, I., Raman, E., & Mertan, B. (2014). A standardized set of 260 pictures for Turkish: Norms of name and image agreement, age of acquisition, visual complexity, and conceptual familiarity. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 588–595. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0376-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossion, B., & Pourtois, G. (2004). Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart’s object pictorial set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition. Perception-London, 33, 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanfeliu, M. C., & Fernandez, A. (1996). A set of 254 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures standardized for Spanish: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 537–555. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Severens, E., Lommel, S. V., Ratinckx, E., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2005). Timed picture naming norms for 590 pictures in Dutch. Acta Psychologica, 119, 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.01.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, C. E. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. In Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. (Eds.), The mathematical theory of communication (pp. 29–125). Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Shao, Z., Roelofs, A., Acheson, D. J., & Meyer, A. S. (2014). Electrophysiological evidence that inhibition supports lexical selection in picture naming. Brain Research, 1586, 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shao, A., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (2014). Predicting naming latencies for action pictures: Dutch norms. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 274–283. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0358-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snodgrass, J. G. (1984). Concepts and their surface representations. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 23, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90479-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G., & Poster, M. (1992). Visual-word recognition thresholds for screen-fragmented names of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 24, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203463CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174Google ScholarPubMed
Snodgrass, J. G., & Yuditsky, T. (1996). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 516–536. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200540CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, A. P., Comesaña, M., Pinheiro, A. P., Simões, A., & Frade, S. (2012). The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for European Portuguese. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 256–269. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0131-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, A. P., Costa, A. S., Machado, J., Comesaña, M., & Oliveira, H. (2017). The Minho Word Pool: Norms for imageability, concreteness and subjective frequency for 3,800 Portuguese words. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 1065–1081. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0767-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, A. P., Iriarte, A., Almeida, J. J., Simões, A., Costa, A., França, P., Machado, J., & Comesaña, M. (2014). Procura-PALavras (P-PAL): Uma nova medida de frequência lexical do Português Europeu contemporâneo [Procura-PALavras (P-PAL): A new measure of word frequency for contemporary European Portuguese]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722014000100013Google Scholar
Soares, A. P., Iriarte, A., Almeida, J. J., Simões, A., Costa, A., Machado, J., … Perea, M. (2018). Procura-PALavras (P-PAL): A web-based interface for a new European Portuguese lexical database. Manuscript submitted for publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, A. P., Machado, J., Costa, A., Iriarte, A., Simões, A., Almeida, J. J., … Perea, M. (2015). On the advantages of frequency measures extracted from subtitles: The case of Portuguese. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 680–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.964271CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, A. P., Medeiros, J. C., Simões, A., Machado, J., Costa, A., Iriarte, A., … Comesaña, M. (2014). ESCOLEX: A grade-level lexical database from European Portuguese Elementary to Middle School textbooks. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 240–253. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0350-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Costa, A., Frade, S., Comesaña, M., & Pureza, R. (2013). Affective auditory stimuli: Adaptation of the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-2) for European Portuguese. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 1168–1181. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0310-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Costa, A., Frade, S., Comesaña, M., & Pureza, R. (2015). The Adaptation of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) for European Portuguese. Behavior Research Methods, 47, 1159–1177. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0535-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Székely, A., & Bates, E. (2000). Objective visual complexity as a variable in studies of picture naming. Center for Research in Language Newsletter, 12(2).Google Scholar
Thompson, G. L., & Desrochers, A. (2009). Corroborating biased indicators: Global and local agreement among objective and subjective estimates of printed word frequency. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 452–471. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsaparina, D., Bonin, P., & Méot, A. (2011). Russian norms for name agreement, image agreement for the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures and age of acquisition, conceptual familiarity, and imageability scores for modal object names. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 1085–1099. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0121-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valente, A., Burki, A., & Laganaro, M. (2014). ERP correlates of word production predictors in picture naming: A trial by trial multiple regression analysis from stimulus onset to response. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00390CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasconcelos, M., Dias, M., Soares, A. P., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2017). What is the melody of that voice? Probing unbiased recognition accuracy with the Montreal Affective Voices. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41, 239–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-017-0253-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ventura, P. (2003). Normas para figuras do corpus de Snodgrass e Vanderwart (1980) [Norms for the pictures of Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) corpus]. Laboratório de Psicologia, 1, 5–19.Google Scholar
Vitkovitch, M., & Tyrrell, L. (1995). Sources of disagreement in object naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warriner, K. R., & Humphreys, A. B. (2008). Learning to fail: Reoccurring tip-of-the-tongue states. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701728867CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weekes, B. S., Shu, H., Hao, M., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2007). Predictors of timed picture naming in Chinese. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 335–342. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed