Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-09T07:54:41.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lapp reindeer movements across the frontiers of northern Scandinavia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

J. G. Elbo
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The present northern border of Norway and Sweden was fixed by treaty in 1751 between the United Kingdom of Denmark-Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden, then including Finland. Previous attempts to determine the frontier had failed, largely because of intermittent warfare over a long period between Denmark and Sweden. A codicil to the 1751 treaty laid down the rights of the Lapps in the frontier region and it was expressly stated that movement over the frontier would be permitted according to old usage. The usage here referred to was the movement of Swedish Lapps with their reindeer into Norway for pasture during the summer, and a similar movement of Norwegian Lapps with their reindeer into Sweden for pasture during the winter. The majority of the Norwegian Lapps entering Swedish territory went into Finland. In addition, a few Norwegian Lapps further south, in the present Nord Trøndelag Fylke, traditionally moved into Jämtland in Sweden during the summer.

Type
Articles
Information
Polar Record , Volume 6 , Issue 43 , January 1952 , pp. 348 - 358
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1952

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

11751 års traktat angående grä;nsen mellan Sverige och Norge jämte tillhörande första kodicill angående Lapparnas flyttningar m.m. Stockholm, Kungliga Boktryckeriet, 1913. [Parallel Swedish and Danish texts.]Google Scholar
2Johnsen, Oscar Albert. Finmarkens politiske historie aktmiæsig fremstillet. videnskapsselkapets Skrifter, 11 Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse, No. 3, 1922. [Political history of Finnmarken up to the Norwegian-Russian frontier agreement of 1826.]Google Scholar
3Collinder, Björn. The Lapps. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1949. [General history and account of Lapps. The historical section gives brief account of the work and background of the Norwegian-Swedish Reindeer Pasture Commissions of 1909 and 1913.]Google Scholar
4Lov angaaende Lapperne i de forenede Kongeriger Norge og Sverige. [Kristiania?], no date. [Parallel Norwegian and Lapp texts.]Google Scholar
5Love og resolutioner om flytlapperne og renbeitningen inden de sondenfor Finmarkens Amt liggende landsdele. Kristiania, Landbruksdepartementet, 1912. [Laws and regulations concerning Lapp reindeer herding south of Finnmarken; includes the joint Norwegian-Swedish law of 2 June 1883, the supplement of 25 July 1897 and Troms Fylke reindeer divisions of 17 November 1883.]Google Scholar
6Indstilling fra den ved Storthingets beslutning af 27de juli 1897 og kongelig resolution af 9de September s.a. nedsalte kommission, der har havt at lage under overveiclse, hvilke lovregler m.v. vedkommende der blive at istandbringe, efterat lov om Lapperne i de forenede Kongeriger Norge og Sverige af 2den juni 1883 er traadt ud af kraft. Kristiania, Steen'ske Bogtrykkeri, 1904.Google Scholar
7Renbeteskommissionen af år 1907. Protokoll öfver de af kommissionen år 1908 i Tromsö Amt hällna förhör jömte register och det till grund för förhören liggande fråge-formulär. Stockholm, Kungliga Boktryckeriet, 1909. [Swedish report on work of joint Commission in Tromsø area, 1908; interviews with Lapps.]Google Scholar
8Renbeteskommissionen af år 1907. Instruktion for den af kommissionen tillsatta svensknorska subkommite. Dagbok, förd af de svenska medlemmarna i subkommitten. Berätelse, af given af samma svenska kommiterade. Dagbok förd af den subkommitten biträdande svenska lappmannen Grahn, J. L.. Stockholm, Kungliga Botryckeriet, 1909. [Instructions given to a Swedish-Norwegian sub-committee working in Norrbotten and Troms Fylke; Swedish diary and report.]Google Scholar
9Ad voldgiftssag mellem Norge og Sverige angaaende renbeite. De norske subkomiteredes dagbog og indberetning vedrorende undersogelser sommer 1903 i Norrbottens Län. Kristiania, Johannes Bjørnstad, 1909. [Norwegian diary and report covering work of the Norwegian sub-committee in Norrbotten for the Commission of 1907; produced as evidence for the court of arbitration in support of the Norwegian case.]Google Scholar
10Qvigstad, J. and Wiklund, K. B.Renbeitekommissionen af 1907. Dokumenter angaaende flytlapperne m.m. samlede efter renbeitekommissionens opdrag. Kristiania, Grøndahl & Søns Bogtrykkeri, 1909. 2 vols.Google Scholar
11Wiklund, K. B.De svenska Nomadlappamas flyttningar till Norge i äldre och nyare tid. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri A/B, 1908.Google Scholar
12Lönnberg, Einar. Om renarne och deras lefnadsvanor. Uppsala, Almqvist och Wicksells Boktryckeri A/B. 1909. [Bilaga till Förhandlingarna inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 i renbetesfrågan, afdelning I, Svensk inlaga No. 8; maps of Jukkasjärvi and Karesuando areas giving general vegetation cover.]Google Scholar
13Förhandlingarna inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 i renbetes frågan. Afdelning I. Svensk inlaga Nr 1. Stockholm, Kungl. Boktryckeriet, 1909 [Swedish statement concerning procedure at the court of arbitration.]Google Scholar
14Voldgiftssag mellem Norge og Sverige angaaende renbeite. Første afdeling angaaende tilveiebringelse af oplysninger og bevisligheder. Indlæg af 28de juni 1909 for den norske regjering. Kristiania, Johannes Bjørnstad, 1909. [Norwegian case stated at court of arbitration: includes historical summary of the events leading up to the arbitration proceedings from the Norwegian point of view.]Google Scholar
15Förhandlingarna inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 i renbetesfrågan. Afdelning I. Svensk inlaga Nr 2. Stockholm, Kungl. Boktryckeriet, 1909. [Arbitration proceedings: first Swedish statement of case.]Google Scholar
16Voldgiftssag mellem Norge og Sverige angaaende renbeite. Forste afdeling angaaende tilveiebringelse af oplysninger og bevisligheder. Gjensvar af 28 September 1909 for den norske regjering. Kristiania, Johannes Bjørnstad, 1909. [Arbitration proceedings; Norwegian case.]Google Scholar
17Förhandlingama inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 renbetesfrågan. Adfelning I. Svensk inlaga Nr 3. Stockholm, Kungl. Boktryckeriet, 1909. [Second Swedish statement of case.]Google Scholar
18Voldgiftssag mellem Norge og Sverige angaaende renbeite. Første afdeling angaaende tilveiebringelse af oplysninger og bevisligheder. Indlaeg af 28 oktober 1909 for den norske regjering. Kristiania, Johannes Bjørnstad, 1909. [Arbitration proceedings: restatement of Norwegian case.]Google Scholar
10Svenska muntliga anföranden i frågan rörande Norrbottens-lapparnes flyttning. [Stockholm?], no date. [Main Swedish oral statement of case.]Google Scholar
20Voldgiftssag mellem Norge og Sverige angaaende renbeite. Forste afdeling angaaende tilveiebringelse af oplysninger og bevisligheder. Forhandlinger og beslutninger i Kjøbenhavn 1909–10. Kristiania, S.M. Brydes Bogtrykkeri, 1910. [Arbitration proceedings, second part: Norwegian case: details of differences between reindeer types: the court's statement concerning further investigations.]Google Scholar
21Förhandlingarna inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 i renbetesfrågan. Svensk skrifvelse den 14 januari 1910. Stockholm. Kungl. Boktryckeri, 1910. [Swedish letter to the court of arbitration concerning the members and work of the proposed Reindeer Pasture Commission.]Google Scholar
22Förhandlingarna inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 i renbetesfrågan. Kompromissen mellan Sverige och Norge rörande förhandlingarna. Skiljedomstolens protokoll mars 1909-februari 1910 jämte de svenska muntliga anförandena inför skiljedomstolen under denna tid. Stockholm, Kungl. Boktryckeriet, 1910. [Arbitration proceedings, Swedish account: Swedish statements in court.]Google Scholar
23Förhandlingarna inför skiljedomstolen af 1909 i renbetesfrågan. Afdelning I. Svensk skrifvelse den 12 April 1910. Stockholm, Kungl. Botryckeri, 1910. [Swedish note to the court of arbitration stating number of reindeer in Karesuando and elsewhere, 1904–08.]Google Scholar
24Holmgren, A.Studier öfver nordligaste Skandinaviens björkskogar. Stockholm, Kungliga Boktryckeriet. P.A. Norstedt & Söner, 1912. [Denies Norwegian accusations of depredations by Swedish Lapps in Troms Fylke. Careful study of conditions in Jukkas-järvi, Karesuando and especially Troms Fylke areas.]Google Scholar
25Renbeteskommissionens af år 1909 handlingar. Helsingfors, Franckellska Tryckeri-Aktiebolaget, 1912. 6 vols.Google Scholar
26Renbeteskommissionens af 1913 handlingar. Stockholm, Kungliga Bokhandeln, 1917. 18 vols.Google Scholar
27Förslag till konvention mellan Sverige och Norge angående Flyttlapparnas rätt till renbetning avgivet den 21 december 1918 ao därtill utsedda svenska och norska delegerade. Stockholm, Kungl. Boktryckeriet, 1919. [Official Swedish-Norwegian proposed legislation concerning Lapp reindeer pasture: introduction gives summary from the Swedish point of view of the events leading up to the 1919 convention.]Google Scholar
28Konvention mellem Norge og Sverige angaaende flytlappenes adgang til renbeitning. Stockholm, Kungl. Boktryckeriet, 1919, [Final Norwegian-Swedish agreement of 5 February 1919: parallel texts.]Google Scholar
29 Konvensjon mellom Norge og Sverige om endring i konvensjonen mellem de to land av 5. februar 1919 om flyttlappenes adgang til reinbeiting, undertegnet i Oslo 14. desember 1949. Overenskomster med Fremmede Stater, 1950, Nr. 7, p. 451–83.Google Scholar
30Wiklund, K. B.The Lapps in Sweden. Geographical Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1923, p. 223–43. [Short general account; note on the Norwegian-Swedish Lapp question and its settlement, p. 229–30.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Wiklund, K. B. “Lappar” in Nordisk familjebok. Encyklopedi och konversationslexikon, ed. by Söderberg, Verner and others. Stockholm, Aktiebolaget Familjebokens Förlag, 1930, Bd. 12, p. 756–71. [General account of the Lapps including information on later legislation concerning reindeer herding.]Google Scholar
32Nissen, Kristian. Lapper og ren i Norge. Norske Geografiske Selskabs Aarbok, Bd. 26–27, 1914–1916, p. 45–110. [Useful account of Norwegian Lapp reindeer herding.]Google Scholar
33Solem, Erik. Lappiske rettstudier. Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B, Bd. 24, 1933. [Studies of primitive Lapp law.]Google Scholar
34Vorren, Ørnulv. Reindriften i Norge. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. Bd. 11, Hefte 5–6, 1947, p. 199–220. [Up-to-date account of Lapp reindeer herding in Norway; notes on reindeer herding districts].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Utsi, Mikkel. The reindeer-breeding methods of the Northern Lapps. Man, No. 114, 1948, p. 1–5. [Reindeer breeding methods of Lapps originally from Kautokeino area, who later moved south; note on compensation payments in Norway.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Manker, Ernst.De svenska Fjällapparna, Stockholm, Svenska Turistföreningens Forlag, 1947. [Present position of Swedish Lapps; notes on reindeer herding; description of the various Lappybar.]Google Scholar