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Myxozoan transmission via actinospores: new insights into mechanisms and adaptations for host invasion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2007

D. M. KALLERT ,
S. PONADER ,
E. ESZTERBAUER ,
M. EL-MATBOULI  and
W. HAAS
D. M. KALLERT*
Affiliation:
Institute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, University of Munich, Kaulbachstraße 37, D-80539 Munich, Germany
S. PONADER
Affiliation:
Institute for Zoology I, University Erlangen, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
E. ESZTERBAUER
Affiliation:
Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
M. EL-MATBOULI
Affiliation:
Institute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, University of Munich, Kaulbachstraße 37, D-80539 Munich, Germany
W. HAAS
Affiliation:
Institute for Zoology I, University Erlangen, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Institute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, University of Munich, Kaulbachstraße 37, D-80539 Munich, Germany. Tel: +49 89 2180 3561. Fax: +49 89 2180 3912. E-mail: kallert@zoofisch.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de
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Summary

Various mechanisms that enable and improve transmission success of myxozoan actinospore stages towards fish hosts are described, based upon a combination of experimental data and functional analysis of morphological characters. For this purpose, laboratory-reared actinospores of Myxobolus cerebralis, Myxobolus parviformis, Henneguya nuesslini and Myxobolus pseudodispar were employed to exemplarily investigate aspects of host attachment and invasion. The process of polar filament discharge of M. cerebralis actinospores was analysed, showing that full discharge occurs in less than 10 msec. Additionally, a mechanism that rapidly contracts the discharged filament after discharge is described for the first time. Its purpose is most likely to bring the actinospore apex rapidly into intimate contact with the surface of the host. Unlike M. cerebralis, M. parviformis actinospores did not discharge polar filaments after mechanical and chemical stimulation, suggesting a different mode of triggering. For H. nuesslini actinospores, experimental results indicated that polar filament discharge is independent of external calcium-ion concentration but is influenced by osmolality. After attachment of an actinospore and prior to penetration into the host, an ensheathed unit (‘endospore’), containing the sporoplasm, was emitted from the valves in a manner which varied from species to species. Experimentally induced sporoplasm emission was time-dependent and was found to be independent of polar filament discharge in H. nuesslini. Remarkably, it could be concluded that the sporoplasm is able to recognize host-stimuli while still within the intact spore. An updated summary of the sequential course of events during host recognition and invasion by actinospores is given.

Keywords

MyxozoaMyxobolus cerebralispolar capsule dischargeactinosporehost invasionsporoplasm
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 134 , Issue 12 , November 2007 , pp. 1741 - 1750
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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